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    Isokinetic knee strength as a predictor of cardiorespiratory responses during loaded aerobic capacity test in elite athletes
    (Nature Portfolio, 2025) Car, Bekir; Kurtoglu, Ahmet; Atar, Ozdemir; Turkmen, Musa; Eken, Ozgur; Soyler, Mehmet; Aldhahi, Monira I.
    This study aimed to investigate the predictive capacity of knee isokinetic strength parameters on cardiorespiratory responses during aerobic capacity test (ACT). It provides novel insights into the interplay between muscular strength and cardiorespiratory function through comparative analyses of loaded and unloaded ACT protocols in elite athletes. Thirty elite modern pentathlon athletes (age: 21.43 +/- 0.77 years) underwent isokinetic knee strength assessments at angular velocities of 60 degrees/s and 240 degrees/s. Cardiorespiratory parameters-average breath volume (ABV), average breath frequency (ABF), auxiliary oxygen density (AOD), and heart rate (HR)-were recorded during the Bruce Protocol conducted under two conditions: unloaded and with a 10 kg loaded vest. Relationships between isokinetic strength metrics and cardiorespiratory parameters were analyzed using linear regression models. There were no significant differences in ABV, ABF, or AOD between loaded and unloaded ACT conditions (p > .05). However, HR was significantly lower during loaded ACT (p < .05). Linear regression revealed that at 60 degrees/s, several knee strength parameters, including peak torque extension (PT-EXT), peak torque flexion (PT-FLX), total work flexion (TW-FLX), average power flexion (AP-FLX), and agonist strength (AGANT), significantly predicted ABV during loaded ACT (R-2 = 0.804, p = .004). A similar pattern was observed at 240 degrees/s, where comparable predictors explained a significant variance in ABV (R-2 = 0.761, p = .012). No significant predictive relationships were identified during unloaded ACT. Isokinetic knee strength parameters significantly predict cardiorespiratory responses during loaded ACT but not during unloaded protocols. These findings suggest that isokinetic strength assessments may be a valuable tool for optimizing ACT prescription and monitoring training adaptations in elite athletes.
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    Sex-Specific Associations Between 2D:4D Digit Ratio and Physical Fitness in Prepubertal Children: Evidence from Standardized Agility, Strength, and Endurance Assessments
    (Mdpi, 2025) Akgul, Fatih; Kurtoglu, Ahmet; Ciftci, Rukiye; Eken, Ozgur; Car, Bekir; Sanal, Alperen; Aldhahi, Monira I.
    Background: The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) serves as a non-invasive proxy for prenatal androgen exposure. While its relationship with adult athletic ability is well documented, evidence for its association with childhood physical fitness remains inconsistent, and links between 2D:4D and objective fitness measures in prepubertal children are unclear. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 338 prepubertal children (181 girls, 157 boys; aged 5-12 years) underwent precise measurement of right- and left-hand 2D:4D ratios (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.94). Physical fitness was evaluated using standardized tests: the Illinois agility run, bent-arm hang, and standing long jump. Results: Among boys, higher 2D:4D ratios were modestly associated with prolonged bent-arm hang performance (beta = 0.19, q = 0.04) and shorter Illinois agility times (beta = -0.19, q = 0.04). No significant associations were observed in girls. All effect sizes were small, suggesting subtle, sex-dependent influences rather than robust predictors of performance. Conclusions: These findings indicate that prenatal hormonal environment may exert a limited, sex-specific influence on early physical fitness characteristics. Although biologically informative, the observed associations are insufficient for direct application in talent identification in sports. Longitudinal research incorporating direct hormonal measurements and broader populations is recommended to clarify developmental mechanisms and causal pathways.
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    The efficacy of Air Alert plyometric training program on enhancing biomotor skills in adolescent basketball players
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2025) Yalçın, Onur; Açak, Mahmut; Kurtoğlu, Ahmet; Eken, Özgür; Bayer, Ramazan; Aldhahi, Monira I.
    Background:Basketball is an important sport that utilizes a variety of biomotor skills. Diverse training programs are employed to enhance the biomotor attributes and elevate the performance levels of basketball players. Plyometric training (PT) is frequently used to improve athlete performance. However, different models of PT can yield varying effects on athletic performance.Methods:This study aimed to determine the impact of a PT program named Air Alert on athletes' biomotor skills. Twenty-four basketball players aged 15 to 16 years voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to 2 groups: the Air Alert plyometric training group (AIR) (n = 12) and the plyometric training group (n = 12). The AIR was trained 3 days a week, while the plyometric training group was trained 2 days a week for 15 weeks. Pre- and posttest measurements of height (cm), body weight (kg), vertical jump, line agility, 20 m sprint, Illinois agility, repeated sprint, and flamingo balance tests were performed for all participants.Results:There were no significant differences in height (cm) (F = 1.035, P = .320, eta p2 = .045), weight (F = 1.735, P = .201, eta p2 = .073), and BMI measurements (F = 1.376, P = .253, eta p2 = .059) within and between groups. However, significant differences were observed between the groups in vertical jump (F = 14.343, P = .001, eta p2 = .395), line agility (F = 75.366, P = .000, eta p2 = .774), 20 m sprint (F = 93.001, P = .000, eta p2 = .809), balance (F = 59.513, P = .000, eta p2 = .730), Illinois agility test (F = 143.243, P = .000, eta p2 = .867), and repeated sprint test (F = 140.986, P = .000, eta p2 = .865).Conclusion:The results of this study indicate that the AIR program is more effective in enhancing the biomotor skills of basketball players than other plyometric training programs. Based on these results, it is recommended that coaches who aim to develop training strategies to enhance athletic performance should consider incorporating an Air Alert program.