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Öğe Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Karacabey Merino lambs Reared under Triticale and Oat Pastures Compared with Stall-Fed Lambs(Mdpi, 2023) Oral, Hulya Hanoglu; Kecici, Pembe Dilara; Alaturk, Firat; Tölü, Cemil; Ekiz, Bulent; Gokkus, AhmetSimple Summary An economical livestock production model in which all the needs of the lambs can be met and they reach the optimal slaughter weight in the shortest possible time is the primary goal of all production models. Since the production system is an important factor for carcass and meat quality, different production systems have been developed. In intensive systems with concentrates, carcasses tend to be fatter and reach optimal slaughter weight faster, whereas pasture-fed animals have a better fatty acid profile and redder colour due to higher physical activity. In our study, we investigated the effects of feeding system, birth type, gender, and birth year on the carcass and meat quality of Karacabey Merino lambs. The effects of gender and birth type on Karacabey Merino lambs showed the expected results: single-borns have more muscle tissue than multiples, males have more muscle tissue than females, and females have higher carcass fatness. In conclusion, a pasture-based feeding system is more suitable for Karacabey Merino lambs than a stall feeding system, if lean and tender meat is preferred. However, it should not be ignored that lambs fed in stalls showed better fattening performance in terms of conformation and fatness, during the same period.Abstract Fifty-eight Karacabey Merino lambs were used to study the effects of feeding system (triticale pasture, oat pasture, or stall-fed), birth type (single or multiple), gender (male or female), and birth year (2016 or 2017) on various carcass and meat quality characteristics. Stall lambs had higher conformation (CS) and fatness (FS) scores, and higher meat L* and h* values than the two pasture groups, possibly due to higher fat content, while oat pasture lambs had the most tender meat. Single-born lambs had higher CS, FS, and Longissimus thoracis muscle section area, while females had higher subcutaneous and non-carcass fat deposits than their counterparts. Both single-born lambs and 2016-born lambs had higher meat a* and C* values than their counterparts. In conclusion, a pasture-based feeding system is more suitable for Karacabey Merino lambs than a stall feeding system, if lean meat and/or meat products are preferred. However, it should not be ignored that stall-fed lambs showed a better fattening performance in terms of conformation and fatness, during the same period.Öğe EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DOSES AND TYPES OF FERTILIZERS ON GRAZING TIME AND RANGELAND QUALITY(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2016) Alaturk, Firat; Gokkus, AhmetExperimental trails have been conducted between March 2010 and January 2012 in Gerlengec village of Biga District situated in Canakkale Province, Turkey. In this study, control along with 5 kg N/ha 4M (chelate organo-mineral fertilizer, 5-10-0), 10 kg N/ha 4M, 5 kg N/ha composite (20-20-0) and 10 kg N/ha composite of five different types and doses of fertilizer were used. Height of the grass has been increased from 10.0 cm to 110.9 cm and 22.8 cm to 113.1 cm in 2010 and 2011, respectively by increasing the grass layer of the rangeland from 1st March to 30th May. At the same time, the fodder production has been increased from 84.0 kg/ha to 494 kg/ha and 95.8 kg/ha to 631.1 kg/ha in 2010 and 2011, respectively. An increase, both in the grass layer height as well as the fodder production has been accelerated between 10 to 20 April. The application of fertilizers has none significant level of affect to the grazing maturity time of rangeland. The effects of fertilization on legumes in rangeland were important in general while its impact on the species of grains and other related families has mostly been appeared in the months of summer and autumn. According to the two-year average results, legumes that found in plant vegetation were increased by the application of composite fertilizer while decreased due to 4M fertilizer. All of the fertilizers showed an increase in gramineae but reduced the species from other families. All types and doses of fertilizer showed an increase into the quality level of rangeland in each of two years, but an extreme increase of 10 kg N/ha has been occurred in those plots which were applied to 4M fertilizer. According to this, grazing should be started in 20th of April in similar rangelands and 5 kg of nitrogen should be applied to per hectare for improving the quality of rangeland.Öğe Effects of Different Irrigation Levels on Growth of Hungarian Vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) and Field Pea (Pisum arvense L.)(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2016) Ozel, Sema Deniz; Gokkus, Ahmet; Alaturk, FiratThe present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels (100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity) on above and underground organic biomass production of commonly grown Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) and field pea (Pisum arvense L.). Experiments were carried out in laboratories in Field Crops Department of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University between the dates 15.11.2014 and 15.05.2015. Experiments were conducted in randomized plots design with 4 replications. Current findings revealed that irrigation water levels significantly affected plant height, aboveground fresh and dry biomass, aboveground dry matter ratio and underground biomass of Hungarian vetch an Field Pea. The greatest plant height, aboveground fresh and dry biomass, dry matter ratio and underground biomass of both forage plants were obtained from 75% irrigation level. The plants produced the least organic matter at the lowest irrigation level. It was concluded that irrigations in Hungarian vetch and field pea should be initiated when the available soil moisture level dropped to 75% of field capacity.Öğe Effects of harvest height and time on hay yield and quality of some sweet sorghum and sorghum Sudangrass hybrid varieties(Peerj Inc, 2024) Alaturk, FiratBackground: This experiment was conducted in the Research and Application Field of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, during the 2020 and 2021 summer period. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of different harvesting heights on forage yields and crude ash, fat, protein, and carbon and nitrogen content of leaves and stalks of sweet sorghum (SS) and sorghum sudangrass hybrid (SSH) cultivars. Methods: Nutri Honey and Nutrima varieties of SSH and the M81 -E and Topper -76 varieties of SS were used in this study. The experiment was conducted using the randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots each included two early and late varieties of SS and SSH cultivars, while the subplots were used to test different harvesting heights (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 cm) and physiological parameters of each crop. Results: The results of this study showed that dry forage yields increased with plant growth, with the amount of forage produced at the end of the growth cycle increasing 172.2% compared to the early growth stages. Carbon (C) content of leaves decreased by 6.5%, nitrogen (N) by 46%, crude protein (CP) by 54%, crude fat (CF) by 34%, while crude ash (CA) content increased by 6% due to the increase in plant height harvest. At the same time, in parallel with the increase in plant height at harvest, the nitrogen content of the stems of the plants decreased by 87%, crude protein by 65%, crude ash by 33% and crude fat by 41%, while the carbon content increased by 4%. As plant height at harvest increased, hay yield increased but nutrient contents of the hay decreased. However, the Nutrima, Nutri Honey and M81 -E sorghum cultivars, harvested three times at heights of 90 to 120 cm, are recommended for the highest yield.Öğe Effects of Prickly Burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach.) Control and Sheep Grazing on Hay Yield and Quality on Gokceada Island, Turkey(Mdpi, 2022) Alaturk, Firat; Gokkus, Ahmet; Parlak, Altingul Ozaslan; Baytekin, Harun; Tölü, CemilSimple Summary This study was carried out to control the plant Sarcopoterium spinosum in canakkale, Turkey. As a result of grazing, the number of grasses and legumes decreased and the number of shrubs increased. The number of species increased due to shrub control measures but decreased remarkably with grazing. (1) Background: The effects of prickly burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum) control measures (pulling out, burning and cutting) and grazing on the botanical composition, grazeable dry matter (GDM) yield and nutritional values of rangeland were investigated on Imbros Island (Turkey) in 2010-2013. (2) Methods: The rangeland was grazed by Imbros sheep during the last year of the experiment. About 0.15 ha of rangeland was allocated to each sheep and five sheep were placed in each plot. Grazing was continuous throughout the year. (3) Results: Shrub levels decreased by 50-60% due to pulling out, burning and cutting in the first year and herbaceous species increased. Forbs increased more in the pulled and burnt plots and grasses increased more in the cut plots. In the third year, the shrub level increased to 60-65% and herbaceous species decreased. The decrease in herbaceous species was observed mostly in forbs. Plant cover was mostly (58%) composed of annual species. Development decreased plant cover ratios, but this decrease ceased in the burnt plot in the third year. Grazing also reduced plant cover. Crude protein (CP), NDF, ADF and digestible dry matter (DDM) content did not vary significantly over the experimental period. CP and DDM increased, NDF decreased and ADF did not change in the development plots. Overall, significant differences were not observed in GDM yield and nutritional values due to development efforts (pulling out, burning and cutting). (4) Conclusions: However, cutting is difficult over stony and rough terrain and pulling out creates erosion on sloping surfaces. Therefore, burning is recommended over the entire rangeland and burning or pulling out is recommended over smooth terrain for the temporary control of S. spinosum.Öğe HERBAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF WHEAT STUBBLE AND SORGHUM SUDAN-GRASS PASTURES(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2016) Parlak, Altingul Ozaslan; Gokkus, Ahmet; Alaturk, Firat; Hanoglu, Hulya; Tölü, CemilSummers are hot and dry and winters are cool and precipitated in regions with dominant Mediterranean climate. Since the pastures totally dry out during hot-dry period, sheep usually graze over wheat stubble in Turkey. The present study was conducted to investigate the herbage yield and quality of wheat stubble and Sorghum Sudan-grass pastures during summer dry periods and to compare live weight gains of the sheep grazed over these pastures. In sorghum Sudan-grass pastures, sheep (4 Karacabey merino race sheep x 3 replications) freely grazed in each plot for two-and-a half month (July-August-September) when the plants had 50-75 cm heights. Similar grazing treatments were also performed over wheat stubble. Dry herbage yields of wheat stubble and sorghum sudan-grass pastures were respectively observed as 2.82 ton/ha and 10.0 ton/ha. Considering the herbage quality of the wheat stubble, crude protein was 6.28 %; NDF was 66.54%. ADF was 37.88%, ADL was 4.37%, DMD was 60.25%, ME was 2.18 Kcal/kgKM. The same values were respectively observed as 11.33%, 61.13%, 31.58%, 2.99%, 67.27%, 2.43% in sorghum sudan-grass pasture. Traditional sheep grazing can be performed over wheat stubble pastures, but supplementary energy feed with CP should be provided. Sorghum sudan-grass can also be cultivated as an alternative to traditional stubble grazing. In this case, there is no need for supplementary feeds.Öğe SEASONAL CHANGES IN DAILY BEHAVIORAL RHYTHMS OF GOKCEADA SHEEP GRAZED INTO RANGELAND WITH INTENSE PRICKLY BURNET (SARCOPOTERIUM SPINOSUM) COVER(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2016) Tölü, Cemil; Alaturk, Firat; Gokkus, Ahmet; Savaş, TürkerIn this study, seasonal changes in daily behavioral rhythms of Gokeada sheep into the pastures were investigated. The research was conducted at Gokeada Island located at the far-west end of Turkey in Aegean Sea. This study is a part of 3-year rangeland reclamation project. Experiments were conducted into 8 plots surrounded with fences including 3-4 years old 40 head sheep (0.15 ha/sheep) grazed into the rangeland for a year. Prickly burnet cover ratio was found between 71.4-88.2% in reclaimed plots 95.7-94.9% in control plots. The sheep were observed through directs observations with sampling method in day-time. Significant differences were observed in grazing behaviors of Gokeada sheep in different seasons (P< 0.0001). Grazing frequency was high in winter and spring seasons and low in summer season (P= 0.05). The sheep grazed in winter and spring seasons 2 times higher than autumn season. Grazing frequency was quite low in summer season. The sheep grazed in summer season rather in cool hours of the morning and evening. They spent rest of the day with resting and rumination. They spent majority of the day with grazing in winter and spring seasons. It has been concluded in this study that Gkeada sheep, raised almost under wild conditions, were able to self-sustain into the rangeland with dominant prickle burnet cover through efficiently benefiting from prickly burnet in all season.Öğe The Effect of Auxin and Auxin-Producing Bacteria on the Growth, Essential Oil Yield, and Composition in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants(Springer, 2020) Cakmakci, Ramazan; Mosber, Goltay; Milton, Ada Hazal; Alaturk, Firat; Ali, BabooAromatic plants had been used since ancient times for their preservative and medicinal properties, and to impart aroma and flavor to food. Also their secondary metabolites are economically important as drugs, flavor and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dye, and pigments, pesticides, cosmetics, food additives, other industrially biochemical, and also play a major role in the adaptation of plants to their environment. Indole acetic acid-producing rhizobacteria inoculations increase in stomatal density and level of secondary metabolite and have a synergistic effect on monoterpene biosynthesis. Bacterial inoculation significantly affected and increased the chemical composition of essential oil, citronellol, and geraniol content in rose-scented geranium; essential oil composition and total phenolic content in marigold; density, number, and size of glandular trichomes in sweet wormwood and peppermint essential oil components such as geranyl acetate, limonene, and beta-pinene in coriander; oil yield and content in calendula; yield of the herb in hyssop; oxygenated compounds, essential oil content and yield, anethol and changing the chemical composition in fennel; growth, number of glandular trichomes and essential oil yield, root branching and length, and total amount of essential oil, production of monoterpenes such as pulegone, menthol, menthone, menthofuran, and terpineol content, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in peppermint; growth and essential oil yield in marjoram; glandular hair abundance, essential oil yield, and monoterpene biosynthesis in basil; phellandrene, limonene, borneol, and campor in rosemary; carvacrol, thymol, linalool, and borneol in oregano; and alpha-thujene, alpha-pinene, alpha-terpinene, p-simen, beta-pinene, and gamma-terpinene contents and essential oil yield in summer savory. Inoculation with IAA-producing bacteria medicinal roots increased the valerenic acid in valerian, essential oil and quality in vetiver, curcumin content in turmeric alkaloid and ginsenoside content in ginseng, and inulin content in Jerusalem artichoke.Öğe The Effect of Row Spacing on Hay Yield and Some Yield Components of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonobla (L.) Taub.)(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2016) Cebeci, Gurkan; Gokkus, Ahmet; Alaturk, FiratIn this study, were determined the effects of row spacing on some agricultural properties of the guar (Cyamopsis tetragonobla). The experiment trials for this study were conducted in the Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University at Dardanos Research and Experimental Trials Unit of the Faculty of Agriculture in 2015. The experiment using Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications was applied two Guar. Five row spacing (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 cm) according to the results. Row spacing had no effect to plant height and dry matter contents as it significantly affected alter properties. The highest green (2323.70 kg da(-1)) and dry (714.1 kg da(-1)) hay yield were obtained from 20 cm row spacing. Maximum number of branches (8.73 number) and flowers (72.40 number) were obtained from the row spacing of 100 cm while the number of leaves (247.23 number) and of stem diameter (11.59 mm) were achieved using 80 cm of row spacing. The number of branches, number of leaves and stem diameter increased with wider row spacing due to the availability at were space per plant to grow, but green and dry hay yields were decreased. In conclusion, 20-40 cm at row spacing may be suggested in guar for hay production.Öğe Variation of nutritional values in leaves and stalks of different maize genotypes having high protein and high oil during vegetation(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Gokkus, Ahmet; Kahrıman, Fatih; Alaturk, Firat; Ali, BabooThis study was aimed to determine the variations into the nutrient contents found different plant parts of maize genotypes that containing high level of oil and protein at their different vegetative stages. In this study, six different maize genotypes were used as plant materials that have been generated by crossing of two special types of maize namely, IHO and IHP with two normal elite inbred lines (B73 and Mo17). Field trials have been conducted by using randomized complete block design along with three replications in the region of northwest of Turkey. Samplings were designed in accordance to plant sowing date and they were taken from the field at 40th, 60th, 82nd, 100th and 122nd days after sowing. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude ash (CA), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) have been investigated during this study work. The results of this research showed that the significant differences were found among genotypes and some sorts of significant variations have been observed into the cell wall components. Genotypes, having high level of protein in their stalks, have been found superior in terms of nutrient content while the genotypes, having high level of oil in their leaves, were found best for nutrient values. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
