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    Grain yield and nutritional properties of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) grown with varying nitrogen doses and irrigation levels
    (Bmc, 2025) Ciftci, Beyza; Akcura, Sevim; Varol, Ihsan Serkan; Kardes, Yusuf Murat; Tas, Ismail; Kaplan, Mahmut
    Buckwheat has gained high demand and popularity worldwide in recent years. There are very few studies on the combined use of irrigation and nitrogen applications for the plant. In this study, the effects of different nitrogen dose (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1) and irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100% of ETo value calculated with the use of evaporations from Class-A pan) applied via fertigation on water use, yield and grain nutritional properties in buckwheat were investigated. The study was carried out in 2020-2021 according to the randomized block design with 3 replications for two years. The highest grain yield was obtained with 100% irrigation level and 90 kg ha-1 nitrogen dose. The increase in nitrogen doses caused significant increases in crop water productivity (CWP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) values. Plant water consumption (ET) varied between 339 (I0xN50) - 617 (I100xN90) mm. Yield response factor (ky) was determined to be between 1.32 for N0 and 1.49 for N30 according to nitrogen doses, and it was determined that the buckwheat plant was sensitive to water stress. The concentrations of significant constituents, including protein, resistant starch, and fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid), were augmented with elevated irrigation levels and nitrogen fertilization. In addition, mineral contents (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, P) increased significantly with increasing irrigation and nitrogen doses. As a result, 100% irrigation level and 90 kg ha-1 nitrogen dose are recommended in buckwheat cultivation for optimum grain yield and nutrient content. It was determined that these applications provided the most suitable results in terms of both quality and yield.
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    Öğe
    Investigation of the influence of seed size on the biochemical and physical characteristics of black cumin (Nigella sativa) with machine learning techniques
    (Springer, 2025) Akcura, Sevim
    This research aimed to examine the impact of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed sizes (S1: >1.6 mm, S2: 1.4-1.6 mm, S3: 1.2-1.4 mm, S4: <1.2 mm) on various physical and chemical properties (crude oil, ash, fiber, carbohydrate, protein, and volatile oil content) and to enhance seed classification utilizing machine learning (ML) algorithms. Ten different ML algorithms (LR: Logistic Regression, SMO: Sequential Minimal Optimization, J48: Decision Tree, LMT: Logistic Model Tree, RT: Random Tree, RF: Random Forest, SL: Simple Logistic, MLP: Multi-Layer Perceptron KNN: k-nearest neighbor, KStar: instance-based classifier) were used to discriminate between seed classes. The MLP model performed the best with 96.25% accuracy. According to the results of analysis of variance and multivariate analyses (biplot and canonical correlation), seed size significantly affected seed physical and chemical characteristics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate methods (biplot and canonical correlation) showed significant differences (p < 0.01) in physical parameters, such as mass (0.0018-0.0026 g), thousand kernel weight (1.97-2.51 g), and geometric mean diameter (1.49-1.68 mm), between seed size groups. Chemically, smaller seeds (S3, S4) had higher levels of crude oil (31.62-32.77%) and linoleic acid (up to 62.10%), while larger seeds (S1, S2) had higher levels of fiber (6.62-6.97%), ash (4.63-4.88%), and carbohydrates (31.68-33.91%). Seed size S2 had the highest volatile oil content (0.63%) and thymoquinone levels (11.75%), underscoring its exceptional potential for medicinal, industrial, and direct food applications. Based on these results, it is advisable to utilize black cumin seeds for various applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries by assessing different seed sizes.
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    Öğe
    Morphological and nutritional responses of sorghum to variable irrigation levels and nitrogen doses
    (Public Library Science, 2025) Ciftci, Beyza; Varol, Ihsan Serkan; Akcura, Sevim; Kardes, Yusuf Murat; Karaman, Safa; Kaplan, Mahmut
    This study aimed to determine the effects of different irrigation levels (50%, 75%, and 100% of ETo values calculated using evaporation from Class-A pan) and nitrogen doses (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg ha (-) (1)) on yield, yield components, and the nutritional properties of sorghum grains. According to the research results, increasing irrigation and nitrogen fertilization levels enhanced plant height, thousand-grain weight, grain number per panicle, grain weight per panicle, and grain yield. The highest grain yield (7120 kg ha (-) (1)) was obtained with 100% irrigation and 180 kg ha (-) (1) N application. While increasing irrigation levels increased oil content, higher nitrogen doses caused a decrease for it. The highest oil content (6.64%) was recorded with 100% irrigation and 0 kg ha (-) (1) N application. Protein content increased with irrigation and nitrogen applications, reaching the highest level (11.85%) with 100% irrigation and 270 kg ha (-) (1) N application. Higher irrigation levels also increased total starch and phytic acid content. Among nitrogen applications, the dose of 270 kg ha (-) (1) resulted in the maximum total starch (77.29%) and phytic acid content (1.83%). The ratio of resistant starch (RS) was found to be high at 50% irrigation with low nitrogen doses, indicating an inverse relationship with the total starch content. Both irrigation and nitrogen applications significantly affected the ratios of oleic and linoleic acids. Specifically, increased irrigation raised the linoleic acid content, while nitrogen applications enhanced the oleic acid content. Additionally, as irrigation levels increased, the contents of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) also increased. Conversely, the levels of calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) decreased. Generally, higher nitrogen doses resulted in increased mineral content, with the highest levels of magnesium, iron, and zinc observed at nitrogen doses between 180 and 270 kg ha (-) (1).According to the research results, the most suitable irrigation level for optimizing high yield and grain nutritional properties was determined to be 100%, with a nitrogen dose of 180-270 kg ha (-) (1). These findings will contribute to future studies on different sorghum varieties under varying climate and soil conditions.