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Öğe An integrative anatomical, morphological, micromorphological and molecular approach to Turkish epidendroid and orchidoid species (Orchidaceae)(Wiley, 2018) Senel, Guelcan; Seker, Senay Suengue; Akbulut, Mustafa Kemal; Akcin, Oznur ErgenWe aimed to describe and analyse the morphological, anatomical and micromorphological traits of 36 Turkish orchids representing 12 genera (e.g. Anacamptis, Cephalanthera, Dactylorhiza, Orchis, Serapias) in detail and analyse their usability for solving phylogenetic and taxonomic issues. We applied UPGMA cluster analysis to anatomical, morphological and micromorphological characters such as root tubers, leaf and flower structures, pit, sclerenchymatic sheath, vascular bundle shape, crystal and starch, exodermis and endodermis structure, stomata type, bulliform cells in roots, shoots and leaves, surface structures like papillae, hairs and ornamentation on flower parts, leaves, fruits and seeds. Furthermore, in a phylogenetic framework, we analysed nuclear ribosomal ITS diversity in the same orchid species belonging, and in a combined Bayesian phylogenetic analysis based on anatomical, morphological, micromorphogical and ITS data we confirmed the usefulness of multiple data sets for effectively assessing taxonomically critical orchids. In the combined analysis, all genera were resolved as monophyletic with topologies congruent with recently published more thorough molecular phylogenetic reconstructions, while the trees obtained by seprately analysing the ITS and the anatomical, morphological, micromorphogical data were less resolved and partly inconclusive.Öğe Bazı Vasküler Bitkilerin Yaprak Damar Ağının Karşılaştırılması(2021) Akbulut, Mustafa Kemal; Şenel, Gülcan; Şeker, Şenay SüngüBu çalışmada 14 bitki türüne ait ve farklı morfolojik özellikleri olanyaprakların damar anatomileri karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Bitkilere aitörnekler Samsun ilinin çeşitli lokalitelerinden toplanmıştır. Örneklerden alınantaze yapraklar kurutularak stoklanmıştır. Stok yapraklara saydamlaştırma veboyama işlemi uygulanarak damar yapıları analiz edilmiştir. Taksonlarınyapraklarında toplam yaprak çevresi ve alanı, damar ve boğum sayısı, toplamdamar uzunluğu, toplam damar alanı, ortalama damar uzunluğu, ortalama damargenişliği, ortalama damar 2D, 3D yüzey alanları ve ortalama damar hacmi gibikarakterler açısından önemli farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgularagöre damarlanmanın morfometrik özellikleri saydamlaştırma ve boyamaaşamaları dikkatli uygulandığında sistematik, fizyoloji ve ekoloji gibi birçok alandayapılacak araştırmalara katkı sağlayacak güvenilir karakterler sunabilir.Öğe Comparative anatomical properties of some Epidendroideae and Orchidoideae species distributed in NE Turkey(Springer Wien, 2019) Senel, Gulcan; Akbulut, Mustafa Kemal; Seker, Senay SunguIn this research, anatomical, leaf micromorphological features of the samples belonging to 25 taxa (Anacamptis Rich., Cephalanthera Rich., Dactylorhiza Necker ex Nevski, Gymnadenia R.Br., Himantoglossum Spreng., Limodorum Boehm., Ophrys L., Orchis L., Platanthera Rich., Serapias L., Spiranthes Rich. and Steveniella Schltr.) spread in the Karadeniz Region have been evaluated comparatively. In anatomical studies, the transverse section from root, stem and leaf, and surface section from leaves of plants were examined. In addition, micromorphological properties of leaf were determined by electron microscopy. Morphometrical analyses were carried out using the anatomical and leaf micromophological characters of each taxa. The data matrices were obtained by examining the results of at least three samples collected from different localities. The data were evaluated using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and PAleontological STatistics (PAST) statistical programs with PCA, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis. Anatomical characteristics of plants such as root epidermis cell length, cortex diameter and pith cell diameter, leaf upper epidermis length-width and bulliform cell length-width were determined to be important characteristics. It was concluded that these characters are especially important in grouping at the genus level.Öğe Comparative leaf and stem anatomy of Tamarix tetrandra (Tamaricaceae) species from different habitats(2023) Akbulut, Mustafa KemalIn this study, the leaf and stem structure of Tamarix tetrandra Pallas ex. Bieb. species, which are distributed in riparian and salt marshes, were examined in terms of anatomical and micromorphological aspects. Specimens of the species have been preserved in 70% alcohol for anatomical study. Herbarium specimens were used for micromorphological studies. The studies showed that there were differences in anatomy and micromorphology. It was found that the stomata were embedded in the epidermis in the samples distributed in the salt marsh. In addition, stem epidermal cell length, sclerenchyma cell diameter, sieve tube cell diameter, and pith cell diameter were found to be greater in riparian species. In the correlation analysis, a positive correlation was observed between leaf lower surface stomata width and upper epidermis cell width, and between stem sclerenchymatic cell diameter and upper epidermis cell width in species distributed in salt marshes. The studies did not find intensive salt accumulation in the stem and leaf structures of the species that spread in the salt marsh. Salt uptake is thought to be inhibited in these species.Öğe Comparative vascular anatomies of some orchid species(2021) Şeker, Şenay Süngü; Şenel, Gülcan; Akbulut, Mustafa KemalIn this study, we examined the vascular anatomy of leaves with different morphological features of 11 orchid species. Plant samples were collected from various localities in the Black Sea Region. Fresh leaves were dried and stocked, and their vascular structures were analyzed by clearing and staining. Significant differences were determined in the leaves of taxa in terms of characters such as total leaf perimeter and area, number of veins and nodes, total vein length, total vein area, average vein length, average vein width, average vein surface area, average vein volume, and average areolar area. According to the findings, the topological and morphometric features of the veining can reflect the systematic and phylogenetic relationships of orchids.Öğe Comparison of labellum and spur papillae in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) from Anatolia(Soc Botanica Sao Paulo, 2020) Akbulut, Mustafa Kemal; Senel, Gulcan; Seker, Senay SunguThis study aimed to compare the labellum and spur papillae and also the papillae types as taxonomic characters to circumscribe taxa of the genus Dactylorhiza Necker ex Nevski distributed in Anatolia (Turkey). Plant samples were collected from different regions of Anatolia, especially the Black Sea Region. Ten species were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. The papillae and epidermis cell size of the taxa were measured and statistically compared. The papillae of the labellum were morphologically similar among the species, except for the surface striation. Spur papillae are different from the labellum papillae. Dactylorhiza characteristics such as labellum papillae shape and surface ornamentation, spur papillae shape, spur shape, and spur/ovary rate are relevant for the taxonomy of the genus.Öğe Monotipik Steveniella satyrioides türünün anatomik morfolojik ve mikromorfolojik özellikleri(Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, 2019) Akbulut, Mustafa Kemal; Şeker, Şenay Süngü; Şenel, GülcanÇalışmamızda angiospermlerin en büyük iki familyasından birisi olan Orchidaceae familyasına ait Türkiye’de yayılış gösteren Steveniella satyrioides (Stev.) Schltr. türü morfolojik, anatomik ve mikromorfolojik yönden incelenmiştir. S. satyrioides monotipik bir türdür ve çiçek yapısı Orchis cinsine ait türler ile benzerlik göstermektedir. Anatomik incelemelerde türün kök, gövde ve yaprağından mikrotomla kesitler alınmıştır. Morfolojik incelemeler için arazide gözlemler yapılmış ve toplanan örnekler üzerinde ölçümler yapılmıştır. Mikromorfolojik incelemelerde herbaryum örnekleri kullanılarak elektron mikroskop (SEM) çekimleri yapılmıştır. Kökte ksilem kolları, kristal ve nişasta varlığı, gövdede öz boşluğu, iletim demet şekli ve yaprakta stoma tipi gibi özellikler belirlenmiştir. Bitki boyu, yaprak sayısı, çiçeklenme durumu ve yumru sayısı gibi genel morfolojik özellikler tespit edilmiştir. Mikromorfolojik incelemeler yaprak yüzey süslemeleri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmamız sonucunda S. satyrioides türüne ait tüm anatomik, morfolojik ve mikromorfolojik özellikler detaylı bir şekilde ortaya konulmuştur.Öğe Pericarp anatomy and surface micromorphology of some orchids in the Black Sea Region(2020) Şeker, Şenay Süngü; Akbulut, Mustafa Kemal; Şenel, GülcanIn this study, we have investigated the anatomy and ultrastructure of the pericarp to determine important characters ofthe fruits belonging to some Turkish orchidoid species, and to determine which features are related to ecological or habitatpreferences. For the purpose, the samples belonging to 19 orchid taxon were collected in the Black Sea Region. SEM and lightmicroscopy photographs were taken with the standard techniques. Variations among taxa were evaluated using variousstatistical methods such as correlation and discrimination analysis. Among the investigated characteristics, fruit surfaceornamentation is related to habitat preferences of the species while morphometric properties of epidermal cells and structuralfeatures such as the type of crystal inclusions are important characters at the genus level.Öğe Seed morphometry and ultrastructure studies on some Turkish orchids (Orchidaceae)(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2021) Süngü Şeker, Şenay; Akbulut, Mustafa Kemal; Şenel, GülcanOrchid seeds have great morphological variations that imply the phylogenetic relationship of the species depending on the biodiversity of the family or act as an adaptation to seed dispersal mechanisms depending on the life form. This study aims to both describe and analyse the qualitative and quantitative traits of 12 Turkish orchids representing epidendroids and orchidoids in detail to investigate which properties are diagnostic among these taxa and also reveal if seed properties are differentiated in relationship to the ecological preferences of the studied species. Both qualitative and quantitative features were determined, and measurements were obtained using light and scanning electron microscopy. We applied the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis to the qualitative and quantitative traits. Furthermore, we analyzed the same orchid seed in correlation with ecological traits such as habitats and the elevation preferences of species. This study confirmed the usefulness of both data sets for effectively assessing the variation of orchid seeds. Although the seed characters such as the cell shape differences in the chalazal or medial region, seed sizes, cell numbers on the longitudinal axis, and periclinal wall ornamentation are taxonomically conserved, some other characteristics such as seed shape, the absence of periclinal wall ornamentation, and larger embryo size imply ecological adaptation or developmental achievement for germination. This study confirms the diagnostic value of both qualitative and quantitative seed features, which are effective in explaining the orchid seed variety.Öğe Suitable habitat modelling using GIS for orchids in the Black Sea Region (North of Turkey)(Springer, 2021) Akbulut, Mustafa Kemal; Süngü Şeker, Şenay; Everest, Timuçin; Şenel, GülcanOrchids are under continuous threat from many factors, especially human-sourced. Estimating the emerging threat factors linked to habitat losses is very important to understand the effects on biodiversity and to design protection strategies and protected areas. Field assessments and modelling were performed with the aim of determining areas where orchids may spread and to reveal priority areas to create a protection plan. Additionally, the aim was to contribute to development of protection strategies for taxa under threat. This study was performed in the Black Sea region located in the north of Turkey. A total of 40 taxa belonging to 15 Orchidaceae genera were collected. The field assessment process used topographic parameters and threat factors. Habitats where orchids are most commonly distributed comprise open areas, meadows, pastures, and forests. Additionally, the density of orchids was determined to be highest at altitudes from 400 to 1600 m. The highest risk factors for taxa in the region include grazing and trampling. Based on these results, suitable habitats were modelled and mapped according to the observed habitat requirements. The determined suitable habitats will represent the preliminary targets for ex situ protection programs where required. The maps revealed here are important for labeling areas with an estimated orchid density and for protection of these areas if necessary. Our field observations were compatible with the obtained maps. Additionally, we consider these maps to be very important in terms of determining areas where taxa will be spread in preliminary field studies.
