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    Comparison of Milk Yield, Milk Composition and Residual Milk of Machine and Hand-Milked in Turkish Saanen Goats
    (Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2016) Tölü, Cemil; Irmak, Serkan; Acikel, Sinasi; Akbag, Hande Isil; Savaş, Türker
    Dairy goats have quite long lactation periods like dairy cows, but there is significant lack of knowledge and information about machinery milking of goats. The present study was conducted to compare milk yields and milk components in manual and machinery milking of Turkish Saanen goats and to investigate the amount of residual milk and milk components of machinery milking. Experiments were carried out on 24 goats aged 3-4 years and on the 5th month of their lactation period. Of these goats, sixteen were separated in groups of eight goats. The first group was hand-milked and the other group was milked with a milking machine. The remaining eight were also milked with a milking machine and then the residual milk in udders was hand-milked. Milk components were analyzed with Milk-Lab Minor milk analysis device and fat analysis was carried out with Gerber fat analysis device. Milk yields of milking periods were similar in hand milking (1.105 L) and machinery milking (1.095 L) (P= 0.8807). While morning milking had 140 mL more milk than evening milking, evening milk had higher component values than morning milk (P<0.0001). Hand milk also had higher component values than machinery milk and significant differences were observed in fat values determined with Milk-Lab Minor (P= 0.0317). Residual milk after machinery milking was found to be 224-262 mL and 22.6%. Milk fat ratio of residual milk was 43-46% higher than evening machinery milk, 75% higher than morning machinery milk and residual milk had 3-4% higher non-fat dry matter (NFDM), protein and lactose contents. Thus, residual milk after machinery milking should manually be milked up and arrangements should be made on milking units to reduce such high amounts of residual milk. While milk fat ratio was 3.63% in Gerber analysis, the value was observed as 3.80% in Milk-Lab Minor device (P<0.0001). A positive correlation coefficient was observed between Gerber and Milk-Lab Minor fat values (r- 0.91; P<0.0001).
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    Effects of growth stage on nutritional value of barley and triticale forages for goats
    (Centro Int Agricultura Tropical-Ciat, 2022) Akbag, Hande Isil
    The nutritional composition and in vitro gas production of barley and triticale forages at tillering, stem elongation, and ear emergence stages were studied. The mean crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content was higher in barley than triticale. The supplementation of wheat grain in in vitro incubation had no effect on the gas production of barley and triticale forage. The nutritive value of barley and triticale forages is highly influenced by growth stage and is high during the early stage of growth during tillering and stem elongation. Barley and triticale forages have potential as feed for dairy goats and although barley had a higher CP content, both have adequate ME and CP levels to meet the nutritional requirements of adult goats with 50 kg body weight in early lactation.
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    Effects of kefir on coccidial oocysts excretion and performance of dairy goat kids following weaning
    (Springer, 2012) Das, Gurbuz; Atasoglu, Cengiz; Akbag, Hande Isil; Tölü, Cemil; Yurtman, Ismail Yaman; Savaş, Türker
    The aim of this study was to investigate effects of kefir, a traditional source of probiotic, on coccidial oocysts excretion and on the performance of dairy goat kids following weaning. Twin kids were randomly allocated to one of two groups at weaning. Kids of the first group received 20 ml of kefir daily for 6 weeks (KEF), while kids in the control group were given a placebo (CON). Individual faecal samples were regularly ( = 18 per kid) taken to quantify the number of coccidial oocysts per gram of faeces (OpG). There were no differences between the groups in terms of body weight development ( > 0.05) and feed consumption. Kids of both groups were not able to consume enough feed to meet their nutrient requirements during the first 3 weeks following weaning. KEF had a lower frequency of OpG positive samples than CON ( = 0.043). Kefir did not affect the maximum oocyst excretion and age of the kids at the highest oocyst excretion ( > 0.05). KEF shed numerically 35% lower coccidial oocysts than the controls, which corresponded to a statistical tendency ( = 0.074) in lowering Log-OpG in comparison to CON. While KEF had a lower frequency of OpG positive samples and tended to shed lower OPG by around one-third, the frequency of diarrhea, level of highest oocyst excretion, and performance of the kids remained unaffected. Therefore, it is concluded that overall effects of kefir do not have a significant impact on sub-clinical infection and performance in weaned kids under relatively high-hygienic farming conditions.
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    Effects of melatonin implants on reproductive performance of dairy sheep and dairy goats
    (Wiley, 2022) Tölü, Cemil; Yazgan, Nazif; Akbag, Hande Isil; Yurtman, Ismail Yaman; Savaş, Türker
    Contents This study investigated the effects of melatonin implants in the female and male animals before the breeding season on the reproductive performance of Tahirova sheep and Turkish Saanen goats. Seventy-five sheep and 53 goats (including 6 rams and 4 bucks) were used in the research. Melatonin implants (18 mg) were applied to half of the female and male animals, one to female animals and three to male animals. The rate of oestrus was determined as 100% in the melatonin (M) and control (C) groups. The non-return rate, conception rate and lambing rate were close in both groups of ewes and rams groups (p > .05). The rate of oestrus was 100% in the melatonin and control groups of does and bucks groups in Turkish Saanen goats. The non-return rate in does was 75.0 +/- 9.02% in M group and 92.0 +/- 5.53% in C group (p = .0101), the non-return rate was 83.3 +/- 6.92% in group M and 84.2 +/- 8.59% in group C for bucks (p = .5570). For ewes, the duration from ram introduction to first oestrus, conception and lambing was significantly lower in group M than in group C (p <= .05). Litter size of M in ewe and ram groups were 1.70 +/- 0.08 and 1.59 +/- 0.09, respectively, whereas it was 1.62 +/- 0.10 and 1.74 +/- 0.10 in C group, respectively. Birth weight significantly differed between ewe groups (p = .0017). For goats, the duration from buck introduction to first oestrus, conception and lambing was similar in the groups of does and bucks (p > .05). Litter size of M in doe and buck groups were 1.57 +/- 0.11 and 1.53 +/- 0.12, respectively, and 1.46 +/- 0.11and 1.50 +/- 0.09 in C group, respectively (p > .05). While the live weight and body condition score (BCS) of ewes were significantly affected by melatonin implants (p <= .05), the live weight and BCS of does were not affected. In conclusion, it might be said that melatonin implants obtained better results for reproduction in Tahirova sheep than Turkish Saanen goats.
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    Effects of whole and steam-flaked corn supplementation on productive performance, serum parameters, and reproductive characteristics of dairy ewes
    (Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 2024) Akbag, Hande Isil; Tölü, Cemil; Savaş, Türker; Konyali, Aynur; Coskun, Baver; Yurtman, Ismail Yaman
    This study aimed to determine the effects of whole and steam-flaked corn supplementation on the feed intake, serum parameters, and reproductive performance of dairy ewes. A total of 48 ewes (at the end of their lactation period; 57 +/- 1.3 kg body weight, BW; 2.69 +/- 0.19 body condition score, BCS) were divided into three treatment groups (16 animals per group): the control group (C), which was fed with alfalfa hay and corn silage; the whole-corn group (WC), which was fed with alfalfa hay, corn silage, and whole corn; and the steam-flaked corn group (FC), which was fed with alfalfa hay, corn silage, and steam-flaked corn. The study was conducted for 15 d before ram introduction and for 30 d during the mating in the breeding season. The WC group had higher dry matter (DM), metabolizable energy (ME), and starch intake values than the FC group (P<0.0001). The BW and BCS values were increased in the groups supplemented with whole corn and steam-flaked corn (P <= 0.05). The lambing rate was higher in ewes from the WC and FC groups (P <= 0.05). Whole and steam-flaked corn supplementation did not affect the non-return ratio or litter size (P>0.05). The serum glucose concentration was similar among the groups, whereas the serum urea concentration increased with either whole or steam-flaked corn supplementation (P <= 0.05). In conclusion, whole and steam-flaked corn supplementation increased the BW, BCS, and lambing rate values in dairy ewes.
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    Observations on hand-mating behaviors, several physiological and hematological parameters in Turkish dairy goats
    (Wiley, 2011) Konyali, Aynur; Tölü, Cemil; Ayag, Bekir Sitki; Akbag, Hande Isil
    The aims of this study were to examine hand-mating behavior of doe and buck and relationships of courtship behavior and physiological and hematological traits according to gestation results. Duration from beginning of observation until mating (M-C), duration between two copulations (C-C) and courtship behavioral index value of each sex (CBIVD; courtship behavioral index value of doe, CBIVB; courtship behavioral index value of buck) and mounting behavior of buck, were observed. Experience of doe was affected of CBIVD and CBIVB (P = 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). Bucks mounted significantly higher times on experienced does than on inexperienced ones (P = 0.00). On the other hand service number decreased with an increase in M-C (P = 0.00). Elevated service number was observed with increased mounting frequency of buck (P = 0.03). There were strong correlations between CBIVD and CBIVB (r = 0.48, P = 0.00). Pregnancy was not influenced by vaginal pH value. Does, which gave multiple births, had higher vaginal pH (P = 0.05). Rectal temperature difference of doe had no influence on success of mating and birth type. On the other hand, birth type was affected by rectal temperature difference of buck. There was no significant difference of hematological parameters according to mating results. Hemoglobin, red blood cell count and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values were higher in single births and mean cell volume value was lower in single births.