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    Determination of Appropriate Thresholding Method in Segmenta-tion Stage in Detecting Breast Cancer Cells
    (2022) Akbaba, Cihat Ediz; Polat, Adem
    As in all cancer types, the early detection of breast cancer is vital in terms of patients hold- ing on to life. Today, computer-aided image processing systems play an important role in the detection of diseases. Analyzing the imag-es with accurate image processing methods is very important for professionals to interpret the images and to devel-op the treatment methods for diseases appropriately. The images containing cancer cells (tumoroid) used in this study were obtained from the mini-Opto to- mography device that creates 3D images by reconstruction of 2D imag-es taken from different angles. It is an electronic, mechanical, and software-based device capable of 3D imaging of tumoroids up to 1 cm in diameter in size. Observing an entire tumor spheroid that has the size of several centi-meters in size in a single square image with a microscope is not possible, but with mini-Opto tomography it is possi-ble. In our study, a few layers of 3D images of the tumoroid produced by MCF-7 breast cancer cells obtained on the different days from the mini-Opto device were used. Image thresholding offers many advantages at the seg-mentation stage in order to distinguish the target objects. In this study, the determination of the most appropriate thresholding method for detecting the main tumor masses in the layered images was investigated. Moreover, the contours of the tumoroid were determined in the original images based on applying the outcomes of thresholding. While various thresholding methods have been applied on diverse images in the literature, we have applied a few thresholding methods to small tumors up to 2 mm in size. As a result of the qualitative assessment based on the results of the contour drawings on the thresholded images, the global thresholding and adaptive thresholding meth- ods gave the best results.
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    Öğe
    Tracing 2D Growth of Pancreatic Tumoroids Using the Combination of Image Processing Techniques and Mini-Opto Tomography Imaging System
    (SAGE Publications Inc., 2023) Akbaba, Cihat Ediz; Polat, Adem; Göktürk, Dilek
    Objectives: In this study, we aimed to trace the 2D growth development of tumoroids produced with MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells at different time points. Methods We cultured 3 different tumoroids with 0.5%, 0.8%, and 1.5% agarose concentrations and calculated the growth rate of the tumoroids with their images acquired at 9 imaging time points by mini-Opto tomography imaging system applying image processing techniques. We used the metrics contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and mean squared error (MSE) to analyze the distinguishability of the tumoroid structure from its surroundings, quantitatively. Additionally, we calculated the increase of the radius, the perimeter, and the area of 3 tumoroids over a time period. Results In the quantitative assessment, the bilateral and Gaussian filters gave the highest CNR values (ie, Gaussian filter: at each of 9 imaging time points in range of 1.715 to 15.142 for image set-1). The median filter gave the highest values in PSNR in the range of 43.108 to 47.904 for image set-2 and gave the lowest values in MSE in the range of 0.604 to 2.599 for image set-3. The areas of tumoroids with 0.5%, 0.8%, and 1.5% agarose concentrations were 1.014 mm2, 1.047 mm2, and 0.530 mm2 in the imaging time point-1 and 33.535 mm2, 4.538 mm2, and 2.017 mm2 in the imaging time point-9. The tumoroids with 0.5%, 0.8%, and 1.5% agarose concentrations grew up to times of 33.07, 4.33, and 3.80 in area size over this period, respectively. Conclusions The growth rate and the widest borders of the different tumoroids in a time interval could be detected automatically and successfully. This study that combines the image processing techniques with mini-Opto tomography imaging system ensured significant results in observing the tumoroid's growth rate and enlarging border over time, which is very critical to provide an emerging methodology in vitro cancer studies.