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Öğe Antiparasitic and Antibacterial Functionality of Essential Oils: An Alternative Approach for Sustainable Aquaculture(MDPI AG, 2021) Dawood, Mahmoud A. O.; El Basuini, Mohammed E.; Zaineldin, Amr I.; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Hasan, Md. Tawheed; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; El Asely, Amel M.Using synthetic antibiotics/chemicals for infectious bacterial pathogens and parasitic disease control causes beneficial microbial killing, produces multi-drug resistant pathogens, and residual antibiotic impacts in humans are the major threats to aquaculture sustainability. Applications of herbal products to combat microbial and parasitic diseases are considered as alternative approaches for sustainable aquaculture. Essential oils (EOs) are the secondary metabolites of medicinal plants that possess bioactive compounds like terpens, terpenoids, phenylpropenes, and isothiocyanates with synergistic relationship among these compounds. The hydrophobic compounds of EOs can penetrate the bacterial and parasitic cells and cause cell deformities and organelles dysfunctions. Dietary supplementation of EOs also modulate growth, immunity, and infectious disease resistance in aquatic organisms. Published research reports also demonstrated EOs effectiveness against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Gyrodactylus sp., Euclinostomum heterostomum, and other parasites both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, different infectious fish pathogenic bacteria like Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio harveyi, and Streptococcus agalactiae destruction was confirmed by plant originated EOs. However, no research was conducted to confirm the mechanism of action or pathway identification of EOs to combat aquatic parasites and disease-causing microbes. This review aims to explore the effectiveness of EOs against fish parasites and pathogenic bacteria as an environment-friendly phytotherapeutic in the aquaculture industry. Moreover, research gaps and future approaches to use EOs for sustainable aquaculture practice are also postulated.Öğe Assessing the impact of dietary polystyrene nanoplastics on growth performance, immunological parameters, and antioxidant defense in zebrafish (Danio rerio)(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024) Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Shohreh, Poulin; Kalhor, Naser; Moghadam, Mohsen Shahriari; Yılmaz, SevdanThis trial was performed in order to investigate the response of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to dietary exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) under laboratory conditions on fish growth and health. Healthy zebrafish (n=240) were divided into 12 tanks and fed with diets including 0 (T0), 100 (T1), 500 (T2), and 1000 (T3) mg kg−1 synthesized polystyrenes nanoplastics (PS-NPs) for 30 days. At the end of trial, fish fed the PS-NPs supplementation showed weight gain percentages of 79.45%, 70.35%, and 61.88% for T1, T2, and T3 groups, respectively, compared with 87.39% in the control fish. The SOD, GPX and MDA activities and cortisol levels increased by 47%, 32% and 35% and 46%, respectively, especially at high-dose administration (p < 0.05). The expression of GPX (T2-81% and T3-82%) and SOD (T2-101% and T3-187%) were remarkably upregulated in T2 and T3 groups. Moreover, the relative gene expression of HSP70, interleukin-1 (IL1), Interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increased by 178%, 202%, 154% and 307%, respectively, especially at high-dose administration (p < 0.05). The results of the present study demonstrated that exposure to PS-NPs especially at high concentrations (500 and 1000 mg kg−1 of diet) negatively influenced growth, health status-, antioxidant-, and immunity-related gene expression responses of zebrafish.Öğe Benefits of Dietary Polyphenols and Polyphenol-Rich Additives to Aquatic Animal Health: An Overview(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Yousefi, Morteza; Karimi, Msoumeh; Fadaei Raieni, Raha; Dadar, Maryam; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Dawood, Mahmoud A. O.; Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.Polyphenols are plant-derived compounds with known biological activities and potential health benefits. Over the past decade, there are an increasing number of studies have investigated the application of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich additives in aquaculture as functional feed additives. There are several types of polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, and stilbenes of widely known beneficial influences on the overall performances and immunity of fish, and thereby improving the health status and production of fish farms. This review discusses the beneficial applications, optimum recommended dose, and potential side effects of these natural compounds on the growth performance, proximate body composition, immune responses, disease resistance, reproductive performance, and fillet quality of different fish species. Also, it points out that the biological functions and mechanisms associated with the polyphenolic compounds involved in the pathways of antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities, as well as the modulation of gene expression and different immune parameters. The output of this review article provided overwhelming evidence to support the claim that natural polyphenols can be considered as relatively safe and viable alternatives to synthetic chemical compounds that not only to improve the fish health status but also to enhance the fish quality, productivity, and food safety while reducing the use of chemicals and antibiotics in the aquatic eco-systems.Öğe Control of yersiniosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: innovative non-antibiotic feed-based strategies(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.; Citarasu, Thavasimuthu; Turgay, Emre; Yilmaz, Ebru; Yousefi, Morteza; Shekarabi, Pezhman Hosseini; Ahmadifar, EhsanYersiniosis or enteric redmouth (ERM) is responsible for significant mortalities among rainbow trout and other salmonids. Hence, its prevention and/or control has become a research hotspot. Antibiotics are effective for control; however, accumulating evidence indicates that unrestricted use of antibiotics harms fish, human beings, and the environment. Thus, finding safe, efficacious, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly substitutes is of great interest. Reports showed that dietary supplementation with functional additives with health-promoting and immunostimulatory functions could be a promising strategy. Herein, we provide an overview of the non-antibiotic feed-based strategies for combating EMR in rainbow trout without resorting to antibiotic usage. For this issue, the uses and application of some vitamins, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, quorum quenching probiotic strains, algae, or organic acids, are included in the article. The roles of phytobiotics (herbal supplements), their phytochemicals, and the essential oils extracted from them will also be elucidated. Some emerging nano-based feed supplements are also discussed. Considering their advantages, literature declared that the dietary supplementation of these supplements could enhance the overall health condition, haemato-immunity, and disease resistance and conferred high protection of trout experimentally infected with yersiniosis. Given this perspective, this article presents the current situation and the latest knowledge on these supplements, emphasizing not only their roles to support immunity and decrease the effects of EMR but also to minimize antibiotic usage in aquaculture. Limitations and future perspectives on their effectiveness and efficacy are also discussed. This review will help enhance aquaculture sustainability and improve the health and welfare of rainbow trout.Öğe Dietary administration of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum reduces whole body oxidative stress and increases immune response, digestive enzyme, growth performance and resistance of zebrafish (Danio rerio) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Esfahani, Delaram Eslimi; Ahmadifar, Mehdi; Ebrahimi, Pouya; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Shohreh, Poulin; Adineh, Hossein; Moghadam, Mohsen ShahriariThis study evaluated the individual and combined effects of L. plantarum and L. reuteri on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, antioxidant, and immunity-related genes in zebrafish. Six hundred zebrafish (38.19 +/- 1.4 mg) were randomized into twelve tanks (50 fish per), and fed prepared diets comprising un-supplemented (T0), 1 x10(8) CFU/g L. plantarum (T1), 1 x10(11) CFU/kg L. reuteri (T2), and 1 x10(8) CFU/g L. plantarum + 1 x10(11) CFU/kg L. reuteri (T3) for 8 weeks. Experimental diets had meaningful effects on weight gain (WG), final weight (FW), and the highest WG and FW were seen in T3. Fish-fed supplemented diets had higher amylase and lipase activities. No significant differences were seen in protease, pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin activities between treatments. The supplemented groups showed a significant increase in lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin levels. Meaningful differences were noticed in ACH50, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin, and IgM levels. ALT levels were markedly higher in T2 and T3. Catalase (CAT), total antioxidant, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity were significantly impacted by the experimental diets. The experimental diets showed no marked impact on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) values. Relative expressions of CAT, GPX, and SOD genes were notably upper in T3. Moreover, IL1, LYZ, and TNF alpha gene expressions were significantly enhanced in T3 diets. The challenge test with A. hydrophila showed that zebrafish-fed L. plantarum and L. reuteri had a lower mortality rate than the control. Consequently, the combination of L. reuteri and L. plantarum is proposed to improve growth efficiency, immunity, and reduce the negative effects of A. hydrophila infection in zebrafish.Öğe Dietary supplementation of black mulberry (Morus nigra) syrup improves the growth performance, innate immune response, antioxidant status, gene expression responses, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Yigit, Murat; Yilmaz, Ebru; Ahmadifar, EhsanThe present study investigated the effects of black mulberry (Morus nigra) syrup supplementation on growth performance, hematological, serum biochemical, innate immune parameters, immune and antioxidant related gene expression responses, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain black mulberry syrup at levels of 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0%. Fish were fed experimental diets for 60 days. Dietary black mulberry syrup increased activities of serum lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and increased the expression levels of immune-related genes (interleukin 1, beta, tumor necrosis factor, immunoglobulin M, interferon gamma and heat shock protein 70) in the spleen and antioxidant-related genes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver of fish fed especially with 1.5%, 2.0%, and 3.0% black mulberry syrup supplemented diets. Furthermore, at 2.0% incorporation level, growth performance increased. The findings of the present study indicate that Nile tilapia fed with diet containing 2.0% black mulberry might be adequate to improve the growth performance, innate immune parameters, antioxidant related gene expression responses, and disease resistance against Aeromonas veronii.Öğe Dietray artichoke (Cynara scolymus) extract ameliorated the growth performance, humoral immune parameters and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish (Carassius auratus)(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Mousavi, Shalaleh; Mohammadzadeh, Sedigheh; Mood, Sara Mehdizadeh; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Sheikhzadeh, Najmeh; Kalhor, Naser; Moghadam, Mohsen ShahriariThis trial investigated the efficacy of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) extract (AE) on the growth performance, immunity, antioxidant parameters, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila of goldfish (Carassius auratus). For this purpose, a total number of 470 gold fish with initial weight 5.70 +/- 0.2 g fed with four experimental diets including 0 (T0), 100 (T1), 150 (T2), and 200 (T3) mg kg v diet AE for 8 weeks. At the end of feeding trial, growth performances, serum immune parameters, and mucus antioxidant enzymes were measured. Fish were challenged with A. hydrophila, and the antioxidant and immunity-related gene expression were investigated. Based on the results, the highest final weight (FW) and weight gain (WG) attained in T2 and T3 (P<0.05). Immune factors including ACH50, lysozyme, and total immunoglobulin in T2 and T3 showed the highest values (P<0.05). The expression of GR, IL1 beta, TNF alpha, HSC70, HSP70, and HSP90 beta genes in T1, T2, and T3 were higher than the control (P<0.05). The GST expression was significantly enhanced in T2 (P<0.05). The present study demonstrated that the administration of AE, especially at doses of 150 mg kg(-1), could improve the growth, immunity, and antioxidant parameters, as well as enhance disease resistance against A. hydrophila in goldfish.Öğe Effects of a phytogenic diet on growth, haemato-immunological parameters, expression of immune- and stress-related genes, and resistance of Oncorhynchus mykiss to Lactococcus garvieae infection(Elsevier, 2024) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Yilmaz, Ebru; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Yousefi, Morteza; Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.Phytogenic additives have been implicated in aquafeed owing to their proven growth-stimulating, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immune-enhancing efficacies. Herein, a short-term feeding experiment (21 days) was designed to explore the effects of a phytogenic additive, PASSIF MOOD (R) (PM, a mixture of Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora incarnata extracts), on growth, haemato-biochemical variables, immunity, and mRNA expression responses of rainbow trout fingerlings. After feeding, fish were experimentally infected with Lactococcus garvieae and monitored for an additional 20 days. Six groups were fed a commercial diet supplied with different PM levels as 0, 470, 940, 1410, 1880, and 2350 mg/kg and labeled as PM0 (control), PM1, PM2, PM3, PM4, and PM5 groups, respectively. Results revealed significant improvements in the growth of PM-supplied groups compared to the control. Dietary PM significantly increased RBC count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values compared to those fed on a control diet. Stress indicators such as blood glucose and cortisol levels were significantly decreased in all PM groups than in controls. Moreover, there were significant increases in myeloperoxidase, respiratory burst, and lysozyme activities in PM groups than the control. The highest expression levels of the lysozyme II gene were found in the PM3, PM4, and PM5 groups. Moreover, the mRNA transcripts of il-10 and IgM heavy chain genes were significantly increased in all PM groups compared to the controls. Alternatively, the expression of tnf alpha and hsp70 genes were significantly decreased in all PM groups compared to the controls. After challenge, the survival rates in PM0, PM1, PM2, PM3, PM4, and PM5 groups were 37.34%, 84.0%, 85.34%, 68.0%, 64.0%, and 36.0%, respectively, suggesting enhancement of the fish resistance in PM1, PM2, PM3, and PM4 groups compared to control. The results suggest the growth-promoting, antistress, and immunomodulatory roles of the tested phytogenic additive.Öğe Effects of dietary walnut (Juglans regia) leaves extract on immunity, gene expression responses, and disease resistance in Oreochromis niloticus(Academic Press, 2023) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.; Çelik, Ekrem ŞanverThe dietary effects of walnut leaf extract (WLE) on the growth, immunity, and resistance of Oreochromis niloticus to bacterial infection have been investigated. Five diets were prepared with various WLE doses of 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg, termed as Con (control), WLE250, WLE500, WLE750, and WLE1000, respectively. Fish (11.67 ± 0.21 g) were fed these diets for 60 days and then challenged with Plesiomonas shigelloides. Before the challenge, it was observed that dietary WLE did not significantly affect the growth, blood proteins (globulin, albumin, and total protein), and liver function enzymes (ALT and AST) activities. The WLE250 group significantly increased serum SOD and CAT activities more than other groups. The serum immunological indices (lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities) and hematological parameters (phagocytic activity %, phagocytic index, respiratory burst activity, and potential activity) were significantly increased in the WLE groups compared with the Con group. The expression of IgM heavy chain, IL-1β, and IL-8 genes were significantly upregulated in all WLE-supplemented groups in comparison with the Con group. The fish survival rates (SR; %) post challenge in the Con, WLE250, WLE500, WLE750 and WLE1000 groups were 40.0%, 49.3%, 86.7%, 73.3%, and 70.7%, respectively. The Kaplan–Meier survivorship curves illustrated that the highest SR% was found in the WLE500 group (86.7%) amongst the other groups. Accordingly, we can suggest that feeding O. niloticus with a diet supplied with WLE at a dose rate of 500 mg/kg over 60 days could enrich haemato-immune responses and increase the fish survival against the challenge with P. shigelloides. These results recommend using WLE as a herbal dietary supplement to substitute antibiotic use in aquafeed.Öğe The impact of acute cold water stress on blood parameters, mortality rate and stress-related genes in Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis mossambicus and their hybrids(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Çelik, Ekrem Şanver; Banni, Mohamed; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Dawood, Mahmoud A. O.This study aims to evaluated the response of Oreochromissp. to cold stress. Two experiments were conducted involving a total of 1080 juvenile Oreochromis niloticus, O. mossambicus, O. niloticus♂ × O.mossambicus♀=F1♂ × O.mossambicus ♀ (Hybrid 1; H1) and O. mossambicus♂ × O. niloticus♀ (Hybrid 2; H2). In the 1st experiment, fish were exposed to cold water (12 °C) for 24 h and then hematological parameters, serum biochemical variables, innate immune responses, antioxidant status, and liver gene expression responses (hsp70, hsp27, hsp90, hsp40, cat, sod, eef1a1 and calreticulin) were analyzed. Hematological and serum biochemical responses involved species-specific differences. At optimal temperatures (28 °C), respiratory burts activity (RBA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) values of H1, H2 and O. mossambicus were significantly higher than O. niloticus (p< 0.05). While the RBAvalue of O. mossambicus decreased after exposure to cold water (p< 0.05), lysozyme activities of O. niloticus and H2 and MPO activities of all experimental fish increased significantly (p< 0.05). At control conditions (28 °C), cortisol levels were found to be higher in O. mossambicus than in H1 and O. niloticus (p< 0.05). A significant increase in cat and sod transcripts was observed in liver of fish being very pronounced in O. mossambicus and H2. The highest up-regulation was observed for hsp70 target where the lowest but significant up-regulation was observed for hsp90 gene. In 2nd experiment, water temperature was gradually decrease from 28 °C to 12 °C (average, 1 °C/1 h).Survival rates of H1 and H2 were found to be different compared to O. mossambicus and O. niloticus (p< 0.05) after 20 days of cold water challenge.O. mossambicus was the most cold-sensitive group, followed by the H2, H1 and O. niloticus. Our data should be carfully considered in view of the possible physiological and anti-stressor responses being species-specific in fish.Öğe Lemon, Citrus aurantifolia, peel and Bacillus licheniformis protected common carp, Cyprinus carpio, from Aeromonas hydrophila infection by improving the humoral and skin mucosal immunity, and antioxidative responses(Wiley Periodicals LLC, 2021) Sadeghi, Faeze; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Shahriari Moghadam, Mohsen; Ghiyasi, Maryam; Dawood, Mahmoud A. O.; Yılmaz, SevdanThe role of dietary lemon peel (LM) and/or Bacillus licheniformis (BL) on the growth, immunity, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp, Cyprinus carpio was investigated in this study. LM and BL were included in diets at 0% (T0), 108 CFU/g BL (T1), 1.5% LM and 108 CFU/g BL (T2), and 3% LM and 108 CFU/g BL (T3). Fish fed with T1, T2, or T3 had higher weight gain, specific growth rate, white blood cells count, and blood total protein with lower feed conversion ratio than T0 group (p <.05). The albumin increased significantly (p <.05) in fish fed both BL and LM (T3). The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, lysozyme, and bactericidal activities were significantly increased in fish fed both BL and LM (T2 and T3), while serum glutathione peroxidase increased in fish fed BL (T2) (p <.05). Fish fed T1, T2, and T3 diets displayed higher SOD and lower malondialdehyde than fish fed T0 (p <.05). After the A. hydrophila challenge, the mortality rate was significantly lower in T1, T2, and T3 groups than the T0 group (p <.05). The obtained results revealed that LM and BL could be used to increase resistance against A. hydrophila infection in carp. However, further field studies should be performed to confirm the obtained results.Öğe Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics used to control vibriosis in fish: A review(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Yılmaz, Ebru; Dawood, Mahmoud A.O.; Ringø, Einar; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.The aquaculture industry is still expanding to provide human beings with healthy and nutritious protein sources. Infectious diseases, deteriorated water quality parameters, and other environmental stressors are from the main obstacles that threaten fish farming and reduce its profitability. Vibriosis is one of the most common bacterial diseases that negatively affect shrimp, marine fishes, and some freshwater fish causing high mortalities and severe economic loss. Chemotherapeutic agents as antibiotics are commonly applied for treatment strategies; however, their numerous drawbacks to fish and the aquatic environment have limited their use. Moreover, FDA has prohibited certain antibiotics from being used for food fish to avoid their negative consequences on human consumers. Water quality control and biosecurity protocols are traditionally applied to combat vibriosis. Nowadays, immunomodulators are greatly used and described throughout the globe to enhance the fish immunity. In this concern, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have become common solutions to increase the fish resistance against vibriosis. They were approved to be current alternatives to limit the usage of antibiotics in aquaculture resulting in less mortality and increased health and welfare of the aquatic organisms. Many studies speculated that probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics could be efficiently and effectively used as food or water additives to increase immunity, thereby reducing the mortality caused by several fish pathogens such as Vibrio species. Comprehensively, this review article presents the latest knowledge on the potential roles of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to boost immunity and reduce the impacts of vibriosis in several finfish species. This review article will also provide new findings and possible mechanisms of action of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to control vibriosis in fish. These literature will be helpful to increase the sustainability of aquaculture and health welfare of farmed fish.Öğe Quercetin Application for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio): I. Effects on Growth Performance, Humoral Immunity, Antioxidant Status, Immune-Related Genes, and Resistance against Heat Stress(Hindawi Limited, 2023) Armobin, Kobra; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Adineh, Hossein; Samani, Mahsa Naderi; Kalhor, Naser; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Hoseinifar, Seyed Hossein; Van Doan, HienThis study was done to evaluate the effect of different quercetin levels on growth performance, immune responses, antioxidant status, serum biochemical factors, and high-temperature stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A total number of 216 common carp with an average weight of 27.21 ± 53 g were divided into 12 tanks ( four treatments × three replications ) and fed 0 mg/kg quercetin (T0), 200 mg/kg quercetin (T1), 400 mg/kg quercetin (T2), and 600 mg/kg quercetin (T3) for 60 days. There were significant differences in growth performance, and the highest final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed intake (FI) were observed in T2 and T3 ( P < 0.05 ). Different quercetin levels significantly increased complement pathway activity (ACH50) and lysozyme activity both before and after heat stress ( P < 0.05 ). Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in fish exposed to heat stress, but fish fed with a supplemented diet with quercetin showed the lowest levels both before and after heat stress ( P < 0.05 ). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly enhanced in fish fed diets supplemented with quercetin in both phases ( P < 0.05 ). Different quercetin levels led to a significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) before and after the challenging test ( P < 0.05 ). Glucose and cortisol levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to the other treatments in both phases ( P < 0.05 ). The expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lysozyme was markedly upregulated in fish fed with quercetin-supplemented diets ( P < 0.05 ). No marked effects were observed for growth hormone (GR) and interleukin-8 (IL8) ( P > 0.05 ). In conclusion, dietary quercetin supplementations (400-600 mg/kg quercetin) improved growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant status and increased tolerance to heat stress.Öğe Shrimp vibriosis and possible control measures using probiotics, postbiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: A review(Elsevier, 2022) Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.; Yilmaz, Ebru; Dawood, Mahmoud A. O.; Ringo, Einar; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Yılmaz, SevdanThe shrimp industry has been greatly expanded in the past two decades in several countries throughout the globe to provide human beings with nutritious seafood and healthy protein. In this concern, shrimp farmers have tried to increase their production rates by intensifying shrimp in culture facilities. However, intensive farming may increase the possibilities of the entrance of emergent pathogens, which will dramatically cause severe economic loss and reduce the profitability of shrimp culture. Shrimp vibriosis is one of the devasting bacterial diseases that commonly affect a wide range of shrimp species. There are many diseases associated with Vibrio infections in shrimp, such as red disease, seagull syndrome, Bright red syndrome, luminous vibriosis, shell disease, zoea II syndrome, septic hepatopancreatic necrosis, early mortality syndrome or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Owing to the above, preventive strategies are considered critical and even necessary to be applied to prevent the negative impacts of shrimp vibriosis. On the other hand, the FDA has banned antibiotic usage for food animals because of their negative consequences on the host, human beings, and environment. Researchers have paid great interest in finding possible, effective, economical, and environmentally safe alternatives to antibiotics. Currently, vaccination, water quality control, bacteriophages phage therapy, biosecurity protocols, herbal immunomodulators, and several others are extensively utilized to reduce the impacts of shrimp vibriosis. The trend of using probiotics, postbiotics, parabiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in controlling shrimp diseases has been comprehensively evaluated in several publications and their efficacy to limit the usage of antibiotics in aquaculture has been proven. The possible efficacy of pro-, post-, pre-, and synbiotics as possible control methods of shrimp vibriosis has been assessed in many reseach studies. Of interest, the present review article draws the most current knowledge on the applications and beneficial roles of pro-, post-, pre-, and synbiotics to fortify shrimp immunity and decrease the mortalities caused by vibriosis in several shrimp species. It will also spotlight the proposed modes of action of pro-, post-, pre-, and synbiotics and discuss the research gaps that merit additional explanations. Overall, the literature will be valuable to enhance the sustainability of shrimp culture, and increase the welfare and resistance of cultured shrimp against vibriosis.Öğe The anti-vibrio potential of medicinal plants and their roles in enhancing resistance against vibrio infections in fish -a mini review(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2024) Shohreh, Poulin; Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Chandran, Deepak; Yousefi, Morteza; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Yilmaz, Ebru; Sheikhzadeh, NajmehVibriosis is a commonly known bacterial disease that harms a range of finfish species, causing significant mortality and high economic loss. Chemotherapeutics, antibiotics, and synthetic chemicals are broadly evaluated as effective treatment approaches; however, global concerns have arisen with the aim of decreasing or limiting the use of these compounds for the prevention and/or control of bacterial diseases in aquaculture systems. Consequently, extensive research studies have been accomplished to assess natural products such as plant parts (s), extracts, essential oils (EOSs), phytochemicals, or aromatic compounds as potential substitutes for antibiotics. These additives are rich in phytochemicals (carotenoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids), vitamins, minerals, and others, which make them excellent feed supplements. This paper focuses chiefly on reviewing medicinal plants (herbal extracts and EOS) that possess anti-Vibrio potential (in vitro efficacy) and evaluating their ability to increase the immunity and resistance of fish against experimental challenges with Vibrio species (in vivo experiments). Furthermore, the role of herbal additives as adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of fish vaccines against vibriosis was also summarized. In brief, this review illustrates an ample number of medicinal herbs with effective effects on fish vibriosis. Identifying safe alternatives to ensure antibiotic-free and disease-free environments could be an initial step toward enhancing the sustainability of aquaculture and farming activities.Öğe The Gene Regulatory Roles of Herbal Extracts on the Growth, Immune System, and Reproduction of Fish(MDPI, 2021) Ahmadifar, Ehsan; Pourmohammadi Fallah, Hamideh; Yousefi, Morteza; Dawood, Mahmoud A. O.; Hoseinifar, Seyed Hossein; Adineh, Hossein; Yılmaz, SevdanThe crucial need for safe and healthy aquatic animals obligates researchers in aquaculture to investigate alternative and beneficial additives. Medicinal herbals and their extracts are compromised with diverse effects on the performances of aquatic animals. These compounds can affect growth performance and stimulate the immune system when used in fish diet. In addition, the use of medicinal herbs and their extracts can reduce oxidative stress induced by several stressors during fish culture. Correspondingly, aquatic animals could gain increased resistance against infectious pathogens and environmental stressors. Nevertheless, the exact mode of action where these additives can affect aquatic animals’ performances is still not well documented. Understanding the mechanistic role of herbal supplements and their derivatives is a vital tool to develop further the strategies and application of these additives for feasible and sustainable aquaculture. Gene-related studies have clarified the detailed information on the herbal supplements’ mode of action when administered orally in aquafeed. Several review articles have presented the potential roles of medicinal herbs on the performances of aquatic animals. However, this review article discusses the outputs of studies conducted on aquatic animals fed dietary, medicinal herbs, focusing on the gene expression related to growth and immune performances. Furthermore, a particular focus is directed to the expected influence of herbal supplements on the reproduction of aquatic animals.
