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    COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Sporcu Beslenmesi: Beslenme Alışkanlığı Değişimleri ve Öneriler
    (Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, 2021) Şahin, Tolga
    Bu çalışmanın amacı COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde evde kalma önlemlerinde sporcu beslenmesi ile ilgili bilimsel yayınları ve beslenme alışkanlığı değişimi üzerine bilimsel önerileri derlemektir. Pandemi süresinin kısalığı ve bilimsel yayın üretim hızı dikkate alınarak sistematik olmayan derleme ile sporcu beslenmesi üzerine yayınlardan gelen öneriler ve görüşler bir arada sunulmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları karantina kaynaklı evde kalınan sürede ani yaşam tarzı değişikliği ve stress sonucu sporcularda beslenme alışkanlığı değişimi ve fazla yemek tüketimi olabileceğine karşı uyarmaktadır. Ayrıca, makrobesinlerin oranında değişim (yağ mikatrı fazla veya yüksek glisemik indeksli karbonhidratlar) kilo alımına neden olma riskinin altı çizilmiştir. Antrenman uyaranı azalan sporcuların bu dönemde kas kütle kaybından kaçınabilmeleri için yeterli miktarda protein tüketmesinin önemi vurgulanmıştır. Ek olarak, sporcular pandemi dönemi özelinde doğru ve güvenli ergojenik yardımcı kullanımını (azaltım veya kesinti uygulamaları) sağlamalı ve bağışıklık sistemini desteleyecek yeterli vitamin ve mineral içeren bir diyetle beslenmelidir. COVID-19 sırasında sporculara verilen sağlıklı beslenme desteği, yağsız kütle, güç ve kardiyorespiratuvar uygunluk gibi sportif performans bileşenlerinde koruma ve iyileşme için önemlidir.
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    Effects of dietary reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) on the growth performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus juveniles
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023) Yılmaz, Sevdan; Ergün, Sebahattin; Şahin, Tolga; Şanver Çelik, Ekrem; Abdel-Latif, Hany M. R.
    In aquaculture, several medicinal mushrooms have been successfully used as prebiotics, with attractive growth-stimulant, immune-modulatory, and antioxidant functions for several finfish species. Herein, we designed a 90-day continuous feeding trial to assess the impacts of supplementing diets with a reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) powder on growth parameters and expression responses of some genes that correlated with growth, digestion, and lipid metabolism in Nile tilapia. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets have been formulated by incorporating reishi mushroom powder (RMP) at varying inclusion doses as 0.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 g/kg to form four RMP-based diets defined as RMP0 (reference diet), RMP5, RMP10, and RMP20, respectively. After the end of the 90-day feeding experimental trial, mean final weight (Wt90), weight gain percentage (WG%), feed conversion rate (FCR), and specific growth rate (SGR) have been improved significantly in fish groups fed RMP-based diets with regard to those fed the reference diet. The highest Wt90, WG%, and SGR values and the lowest FCR values were present in RMP10 group in comparison with the other groups. However, no significant variations were found in these parameters between RMP5 and RMP20 groups. The fish survival rate (SR %) was the same between all test groups. At the molecular levels, the expression levels of growth-correlated genes such as growth hormone, growth hormone receptor, and insulin growth factor 1 have been increased in the RMP10 group. Similarly, the mRNA transcripts of digestion-correlated genes such as pepsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen, and cholecystokinin genes, and lipid metabolism-related gene (lipoprotein lipase) have been up-regulated significantly in the RMP10 group. Of interest, the second-order polynomial regression performed on Wt90, WG%, SGR, and FCR values against the dietary RMP levels showed that the optimum supplementation level of RMP in diets of Nile tilapia was 12.50 g RMP / kg diet. Our findings propose the noticeable prebiotic effects of RMP for improving aquafeed's functionality and tilapia culture's sustainability.
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    Effects of Rapana venosa meal-supplemented diets on reproduction, histopathology and some blood parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock
    (Wiley, 2021) Şahin, Tolga; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Gürkan, Mert; Ergün, Sebahattin
    The present study aimed to investigate the effects of partial replacement of fishmeal with Rapana venosa meal in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock. The results were analysed on reproductive performance, egg fatty acid composition, serum biochemistry, antioxidant enzymes and histopathological and histomorphological changes of the experimental fish. For the trial, rainbow trout (331.04 +/- 11.72 g) were fed diets incorporated with R. venosa (whelk) meal at 0 g/kg (CD), 50 g/kg (R5), 100 g/kg (R10) and 150 g/kg (R15) for 90 days. At the end, whelk meal did not have a significant effect on reproductive and blood serum parameters. However, it significantly affected the egg fatty acid composition, catalase activity and histological structure of the intestine, liver and muscle tissues of fish. Increased histopathological anomalies such as significant supranuclear lipid vacuolization, cytoplasmic vacuolization and fatty deposits were observed in tissues as whelk meal increased in the diet. A moderate lipidosis of the connective tissue between the muscle fibres was observed in group R15. Histomorphological measurements of the intestine, excluding the mean intestinal enterocyte length, were significantly affected by diets. To conclude, whelk meal can successfully replace fishmeal at 50 g/kg in young rainbow trout broodstock diets.
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    Enhancing Rearing of European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Aquaponic Systems: Investigating the Effects of Enriched Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Prepupae Meal on Fish Welfare and Quality Traits
    (MDPI, 2023) Zarantoniello, Matteo; de Oliveira, Adriana Alves; Şahin, Tolga; Freddi, Lorenzo; Torregiani, Matteo
    Within the modern aquaculture goals, the present study aimed to couple sustainable aquafeed formulation and culturing systems. Two experimental diets characterized by 3 and 20% of fish meal replacement with full-fat spirulina-enriched black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae meal (HPM3 and HPM20, respectively) were tested on European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles during a 90-day feeding trial performed in aquaponic systems. The experimental diets ensured 100% survival and proper zootechnical performance. No behavioral alterations were evidenced in fish. Histological and molecular analyses did not reveal structural alterations and signs of inflammation at the intestinal level, highlighting the beneficial role on gut health of bioactive molecules typical of HPM or derived from the enriching procedure of insects’ growth substrate with spirulina. Considering the quality traits, the tested experimental diets did not negatively alter the fillet’s fatty acid profile and did not compromise the fillet’s physical features. In addition, the results highlighted a possible role of spirulina-enriched HPM in preserving the fillet from lipid oxidation. Taken together, these results corroborate the use of sustainable ingredients (spirulina-enriched HPM) in aquaponic systems for euryhaline fish rearing.
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    Incorporation of Rapa Whelk (Rapana venosa) meal in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry
    (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2021) Şahin, Tolga; Ergün, Sebahattin
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of partial fishmeal replacement with Rapana venosa meal in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. In the trial, fish (1.03 ± 0.01 g) were fed diets replacing fishmeal with Rapa whelk meal at the following levels: 0 g/kg (CD), 50 g/kg (D-5), 100 g/kg (D-10) or 150 g/kg (D-15) for 67 days. At the end of the experiment, fish fed diet with 50 g/kg Rapa whelk meal inclusion showed similar growth performance to those fed the control diet. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and growth performance of fish were inversely affected with increasing levels of dietary inclusion of Rapa whelk meal, excluding the 50 g/kg fish meal replacement treatment. Survival rates, hepatosomatic indices and total essential amino acid levels were similar in all experimental groups. The viscerosomatic index, crude fat and dry matter decreased in fish fed the Rapa whelk meal-incorporated diets. A decreasing presence of PUFA was observed as Rapa whelk meal inclusion increased in diets. Rapa whelk meal enhanced trypsin activity when used at 50 g/kg in diet, however decreased the activity at 100 g/kg and above ratios. To conclude, Rapa whelk meal can replace fishmeal at 50 g/kg in rainbow trout diets without causing a negative impact on growth, survival, chemical composition and digestive enzyme activities.
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    The effects of dietary poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate on growth parameters, intestinal microflora, and histopathology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fingerlings
    (Wiley, 2021) Şahin, Tolga; Yılmaz, Sevdan; Yazıcı, İrfan Selçuk; Berber, Selçuk
    The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)-supplemented diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. For this purpose, three experimental diets were prepared to contain 0, 2, and 5% PHB; and each diet was tested in a completely randomized design for 60 days in quadruple groups of 22 fish per tank. The results showed that the inclusion of PHB in the diets did not affect the growth parameters such as mean weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio among treatments. There was also no effect of the PHB on chemical composition, PCR-DGGE profile of the intestinal bacterial communities, total bacterial count, lactic acid bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria as well as the intestine and the liver histopathology of fish. However, the supplementation of 2 and 5% PHB in the diet significantly reduced total coliform counts, while 5% PHB diet additionally decreased Enterobacteriaceae counts. Both inclusion ratios resulted in significantly higher intestinal villus length and width at the end of the experiment. Considering the positive effects of dietary PHB on intestinal bacterial flora and villus sizes of rainbow trout fingerlings, it can be used as an alternative microbial control agent. Significance Statement: PHB is a biopolymer that has previously been reported to have positive effects on fish health, and no literature has been encountered investigating the effects of PHB on rainbow trout fry. The findings obtained in this study show that PHB has positive effects on the intestinal tissues of rainbow trout fry and provides an increase in the number of beneficial bacteria in the gut flora.