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Öğe Effects of the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquake on structures in Kahramanmaraş city(Springer, 2024) Avcıl, Fatih; Işık, Ercan; İzol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Arkan, Enes; Arslan, Musa Hakan; Aksoylu, CeyhunLarge-scale loss of life and property occurred in Kahramanmaras and its districts, which are the city center where the epicenters of the earthquake couples that occurred on February 6, 2023, in Turkiye. Major damage has occurred in different structural systems due to the earthquake. In addition, fault traces that are the source of the earthquake were clearly observed on the ground surface. In this study, the effects of both earthquakes on soil, reinforced concrete, masonry, prefabricated, and other structural systems were evaluated observationally in Kahramanmaras and its districts. Comparisons were made on the last two earthquake maps used in Turkiye for the locations of strong ground motion measuring devices in Kahramanmaras. The masonry structures, which are common in rural areas in the epicenter, have been heavily damaged because they have not received engineering service. However, it is seen that the concrete buildings have insufficient strength and ductility. A similar situation is also present in industrial precast structures, and it has been observed that the damaged and collapsed in these structures are manufactured without complying with the type connection details given for prefabricated reinforced concrete structures in the codes. It has also been observed that the soil-structure interaction is the most determining parameter in the structure's performance in these earthquake couples. Especially in weak soils, the damage to the structures has been quite heavy. The field data obtained from the earthquakes showed that some of the conditions of the current earthquake code should be discussed again.Öğe Field Reconnaissance and Earthquake Vulnerability of the RC Buildings in Adıyaman during 2023 Türkiye Earthquakes(Mdpi, 2024) Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; İzol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Bilgin, Hüseyin; Harirchian, Ehsan; Arkan, EnesThe 6th February 2023 Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes (Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6) caused great destruction in many cities and were the disaster of the century for Turkiye. The greatest destruction was caused in the provinces of Hatay, Kahramanmaras, and Adiyaman during these earthquakes, which were independent of each other and occurred on the same day. Information about earthquakes and strong ground motion records is given within the scope of this study. Reinforced concrete (RC) structures which constitute a large part of the urban building stock in the earthquake region were exposed to structural damage at different levels. The structural damage in the RC structures in the city center, Golbasi, and Kahta districts of the province of Adiyaman was evaluated within the scope of earthquake and civil engineering after field investigations. Insufficient RC, low-strength concrete reinforcement problems, RC frame failure, heavy overhang, short columns, soft story, and pounding effect are the main causes of the earthquake damage. The presence of these factors that reduce the earthquake resistance of RC structures increased the damage level. In addition, the fact that the earthquakes occurred nine hours apart and the continuation of aftershocks during that period negatively affected the damage levels. It has been observed that structures that receive the necessary engineering services during the construction and project phases ensure the safety of life and property, even if the structure is slightly damaged. In this study, we also tried to reveal whether the target displacements were satisfactorily represented by numerical analysis for a sample RC structure.Öğe Geotechnical and Structural Damages Caused by the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes in Gölbaşı (Adıyaman)(Mdpi, 2024) Akar, Fahriye; Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Arkan, Enes; İzol, RabiaOn 6 February 2023, two independent earthquake pairs on the East Anatolian Fault Zone, with epicenters in Pazarcik (Mw = 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw = 7.6) districts of Kahramanmaras province, caused great destruction. Adiyaman and Golbasi districts of this city are among the settlements most affected by the earthquake. Especially in the district where geotechnical damages are most observed, the destructive effects of earthquakes have been clearly observed in buildings with different structural systems. In this study, information is given about the earthquakes that hit the region and the fault zone where the earthquakes occur. Geotechnical and structural damages occurring in the villages and center of the district were evaluated within the scope of earthquakes and structural engineering. It can be stated that damages observed in the district center are generally caused by soil-structure interaction problems. The fact that masonry structures, which are widely used in rural areas, do not benefit from any engineering services has an impact on the level of damage. The main reason for the damages occurring in the reinforced concrete structures in the district is the reinforced concrete system that is not designed properly or not built in accordance with the design. This case study demonstrated the importance of earthquake-soil-structure interactions in line with earthquake-resistant building design principles.Öğe Seismic Damages in Masonry Structural Walls and Solution Suggestions(Akademik Perspektif Derneği, 2023) Arkan, Enes; Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; İzol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, AydınMasonry structures are known as an ancient construction technology with a history dating back thousands of years. The main load-bearing members of masonry structures are walls obtained using different materials. These walls, which serve both load-bearing functions and are used to separate spaces, can be thick because they generally have low-strength properties. Masonry structures, which are commonly found in rural areas, are sensitive to earthquake effects and can receive damage at different levels. These masonry buildings, which were generally constructed without any engineering services, were exposed to significant damage under the influence of the Kahramanmaraş earthquake couple that occurred on February 6, 2023. This study examined the damage to the load-bearing walls of masonry buildings in the regions affected by this earthquake couple with the framework of cause-effect relationships and offered solutions. Poor masonry workmanship, insufficient use of horizontal/vertical bond beams, use of different wall materials together, heavy earthen roof effect, insufficient corner joints, amount of gaps, and use of low strength mortar have been determined as the main reasons for the damage occurring in masonry load-bearing walls. Performing earthquake-resistant building design principles is critical to minimizing such damage.Öğe Seismic performance of masonry structures after 06 February 2023 earthquakes; site survey and FE modelling approach(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) İzol, Rabia; Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Arslan, Musa Hakan; Arkan, Enes; Büyüksaraç, AydınThe Kahramanmaras, earthquake couple, which took place on February 6, 2023, is one of the biggest disasters T & uuml;rkiye has encountered in the instrumental period. While the effects of these earthquakes were felt primarily in 11 different provinces, they also caused significant effects in many other provinces. These two independent earthquakes of magnitude 7.7 and 7.6, which are rare in the history of literature, occurred 9 h apart and caused more structural damage. Serious losses of life and property occurred in Kahramanmaras,, the epicenter of both earthquakes. In this study, structural damages on masonry buildings in rural areas of Kahramanmaras, province are examined in detail within the framework of the cause-effect relationship. Different building samples are evaluated for each damage situation. In addition, nonlinear time history analyses were performed on a sample structure and the damage was examined in detail. In general, these structures, which do not receive engineering services, exhibit typical masonry structure damage as in other earthquakes. This study provides information about the behavior of such buildings under earthquake loads and emphasizes the importance of receiving the necessary engineering services for these structures.Öğe Seismic Performance of RC Structures in Pazarcık and Elbistan During the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Avcıl, Fatih; Işık, Ercan; Arkan, Enes; İzol, Rabia; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Aydın, MCihan; Ulu, Ali EmreOn Monday, February 6th, 2023, at 04:17 and 13:24 local time, two very severe shallow earthquakes with magnitudes Mw = 7.7 and 7.6 occurred, with epicenters in Kahramanmaraş-Pazarcık and Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan. Due to the strong ground motion effect during these earthquakes, many people lost their lives and great economic losses occurred due to the destruction and damage to buildings in eleven different provinces and surrounding regions. In this study, the seismic performances of structures with various structural systems located in the Pazarcık and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmaraş city, which are the epicenters of these earthquakes, were evaluated as a result of field observations. Structural failures in the earthquake epicenters’ urban and rural building stocks directly affected the damage's extent. Structural damages occurring in both district centers and rural areas of the districts were investigated within the scope of earthquake and civil engineering. The main causes of damaged concrete structures are irregularities and insufficient reinforced concrete. The significance of earthquake-resistant structure design principles and irregularity-free structures has again become clear. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.Öğe Seismic Performances of Masonry Educational Buildings during the 2023 Türkiye (Kahramanmaraş) Earthquakes(Mdpi, 2024) Işık, Ercan; Bilgin, Hüseyin; Avcıl, Fatih; İzol, Rabia; Arkan, Enes; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; Harirchian, EhsanHuge losses of life and property occurred as a result of two independent catastrophic earthquakes on 6 February 2023 in the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone, where no significant earthquake has occurred in approximately 500 years. The earthquakes, whose epicenters were in the Pazarc & imath;k and Elbistan districts of Kahramanmara & scedil; province at 9 h intervals, had magnitudes of Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6 and caused different levels of structural damage, especially in masonry-style structures in rural areas. In this study, the damage that occurred in masonry village schools, especially in rural areas, during these two earthquakes was evaluated in terms of the characteristics of the earthquake and within the scope of civil engineering, and the causes of the damage were discussed. The damage levels of the masonry schools examined were classified using the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98). Information about the Kahramanmara & scedil; earthquakes was given and structural analyses were carried out for a widely used reference school building. The school building block was analytically modeled, and its seismic load-bearing capacities were predicted through pushover analysis in TREMURI software. The study also includes repair and strengthening recommendations for such structures.Öğe Structural damages in masonry buildings in Adiyaman during the Kahramanmaras, (Turkiye) earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on 06 February 2023(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Işık, Ercan; Avcıl, Fatih; Büyüksaraç, Aydın; İzol, Rabia; Hakan Arslan, Musa; Aksoylu, Ceyhun; Eyisüren, OnurThe 06 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes, which were the disaster of the century for Türkiye and in which more than 50,000 people lost their lives, caused many buildings to collapse or receive significant structural damages. Adıyaman is one of the provinces that caused the most destruction by earthquakes affecting 11 different provinces, which occupy approximately 14% of the country's surface area. The masonry buildings have been severely damaged by earthquakes, which constitute a significant part of the building stock in the province's rural areas. In this study, the region's seismicity and the spectral acceleration values of the last earthquakes were analyzed, and the distribution of building damages was given statistically. The main goal of this study is to determine the collapse and failure mechanisms of existing unreinforced masonry buildings in detail. The study also includes reconstruction strategies or retrofitting procedures to prevent damage to masonry structures in the region. Non-compliance with seismic design codes is the leading cause of damage in masonry buildings constructed by local craftsmen using low-strength wall and joint building materials. The usage of heavy earthen roofs, insufficient wall-wall, and wall-roof connections, lack of vertical and horizontal beams, poor workmanship, and insufficient interlocking between layers are the causes of structural damages observed in the field. At the end of the study, critical clauses in the current earthquake code were emphasized, and the precautions to be taken for existing and new design masonry buildings were also mentioned.
