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Öğe Changes in the weed flora of cotton fields in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkiye(Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, 2023) Serim, Ahmet Tansel; Özkıl, Mine; Üremiş, İlhan; Uludağ, AhmetCotton is the most dominant field crop, especially in higher soil saline parts of the Eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye. This study aims to determine the current statues of weed flora of cotton fields in the East Mediterranean region, to compare it with weed flora in 1991-1992 and to understand whether a weed flora shift has occurred in these fields. Eighty-two cotton fields were surveyed during the growing season (July and August) in 2018, and thirty-seven weed species distributed in 17 families were found in the survey fields, where 18, 23, 17, and 33 of them were recorded in the Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Mersin, and Adana provinces, respectively. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that the phytosociological composition of the cotton fields was significantly related to the P content of the soil, average temperature, and cumulative rainfall. The current weed survey also indicated that these fields were under the threat of some invasive alien plant species that had not been found in previous surveys, such as Ipomoea triloba L., Amaranthus palmeri L., and Cucumis melo var. agrestis Naudin. Although cotton fields in the region were reduced by two-thirds in 2018 compared to 1991-1992, weed richness increased. Weed flora shifts were influenced by crop, crop rotation, herbicide use, irrigation, and landscape factors of cotton fields in the East Mediterranean Region of Türkiye.Öğe The Possible Role of Bird Migrations on Introduction and Spread of Invasive Alien Plants: A Case Study, Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2024) Uludağ, Ahmet; Üremiş, İlhan; İliker Kozbaş, Ayşegül; Soylu, Soner; Bakırcıoğlu Erkılıç, Lerzan; İlçim, AhmetSolanum elaeagnifolium (SOLEL), a native plant of the Americas is a highly spread invasive alien species worldwide with impacts on biodiversity and agriculture. It has a long history in Mediterranean basin and the Middle East where Turkiye is located but there was no record except one in 2006 from the eastern the Mediterranean of Turkiye of which introduction was attributed to migrating birds. Despite widespread and large populations in neighboring countries, not detecting SOLEL in Turkiye had been questionable. The aims of the study were to find out new populations of SOLEL in Turkiye and understand the reason of less population occurred in Turkiye. Two areas were selected near the country borders of Turkiye which are known as migrating bird routes. Areas were visited unregularly several times from 2020 to 2023 to find out SOLEL populations. New populations were detected in the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean Regions of Turkiye which are over 1000 km apart from each other. SOLEL populations and bird migration routes through Turkiye and countries SOLEL has already been recorded were compared. It is concluded that SOLEL might be introduced by migrating birds. It is suggested that more detailed research is needed to explain the role of migrating birds in invasive alien plants' introductions. Furthermore, plants around wetlands which birds use in their migration routes should be observed to prevent new plant invasions.Öğe The Role of Epigenetics on Plant Invasions Under Climate Change Scenario(Springer Nature, 2023) Arslan, Mehmet; Üremiş, İlhan; Uludağ, AhmetEpigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and changes in the expression of non-coding RNAs are sensitive to the environmental variations which permit exotic species to adapt and invade new environments or vice versa. Different mechanisms of invasiveness such as phenotypic plasticity, enemy release, empty niches, propagule pressure, adaptive mutations, genetic variations, and epigenetic changes enable the introduced organisms to become invasive in their new environments. Among the diverse mechanisms that govern invasion, epigenetics can assist invasion by regulating gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Plants have the ability to adapt to their new environments by modifying gene expression patterns by epigenetic modifications that affect plant growth and development. Epigenetic modifications are inherited through mitotic cell divisions, and they can be transmitted to the next generation. The role of epigenetic mechanisms in the adaptation of invasive plant species is one of the most exciting areas in weed science. Recent advances in molecular genetics have highlighted the role of epigenetic modifications on invasiveness. Environmental exposures can affect genes’ function without changing the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms are considered essential for stress memories and adaptation in plants under stressed environments, which will increase under climate change in many areas of the world. Epigenetic mechanisms have been reported in most invasive plant species. To predict and prevent future invasions and effectively manage existing invaders, it is crucial to understand the relative contributions of the epigenetic basis of phenotypic variations occurring in the course of adaption to a new environment. To understand invasions, we present the role of epigenetic mechanisms that would allow the alien species to become invasive in the newly introduced environments. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.Öğe Weed species in banana (Musa spp.) production systems in Türkiye(Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas-Sbcpd, 2023) Torun, Hilmi; Özkil, Mine; Üremiş, İlhan; Uyar, Sevgi; Uludağ, AhmetBackground Banana ( Musa spp.) cultivation, has a centaury history in open fields in Mediterranean part of Türkiye has become enlarged for three decades due to benefits of covered production. Objective Weed species, their frequencies, distributions and reasons under current techniques and geographical attributes in banana fields and greenhouses were determined to provide data to develop strategies and systems for sustainable weed management and cultivation of banana. Methods Weeds and their coverage and densities were determined in banana fields and greenhouses surveying 2% of banana production acreage in 2021–2022. Results 68 different species of 25 families were recorded. The most common weed species were Cardamine occulta, Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Conyza canadensis , and Oxalis corniculata . The number of weeds, their coverage and densities in individual fields were not affected significantly by production method (open-field vs greenhouse) or banana cultivars but location. Years and field size affected the number of weed species while homogeneity and cycles affected weed coverage and density. Dominant species in greenhouses were C. occulta, Pilea microphylla, O. corniculata, Echinochloa crus-galli, Setaria verticillata , and A. retroflexus but Cyperus rotundus, S. verticillata, O. corniculata , and P. oleracea in open fields. C. occulta and Pilea microphylla were recorded first time in Türkiye. Conclusions The most common species and dominant species in fields are mainly aliens including both neophytes and archeophytes. Greenhouses and production techniques might have effect on weed problem. There are needs for further research on banana weeds including their controls to establish better strategies and control systems in banana management.
