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    Effect of Different Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Biological Soil Properties, Growth, Yield and Quality of Oregano (Origanum onites L.)
    (Mdpi, 2023) Cakmakci, Ramazan; Haliloglu, Kamil; Tuerkoglu, Aras; Ozkan, Guller; Kutlu, Meral; Varmazyari, Atefeh; Molnar, Zoltan
    Intensive agriculture uses continuous chemical fertilizers to increase crop yields, but excessive use of fertilizers leads to environmental pollution, permanent changes in physicochemical conditions in soil ecology, deterioration of soil biological health, leaching of nutrients, surface and groundwater pollution and eutrophication. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are becoming increasingly important for ensuring crop safety, increasing nutrient uptake and output, lowering fertilizer costs, preventing environmental contamination and promoting sustainable agriculture and agricultural resources. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate the effects of fifteen bacteria strains that were isolated from various acidic rhizospheric soils as biofertilizers on soil biological properties. Growth, yield and quality traits were analyzed, and various PGPR were identified using 16S ribosomal RNA of Turkish oregano. Fifteen bacterial inoculations with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, N2-fixing, P-solubilizing and/or IAA-producing genes were used in the experiment, which was carried out in a randomized block design with five replicates (each with three pots) and a control without inoculation. Increased biological activity in soil inoculated with bacteria with multiple traits was confirmed by high C and N content in microbial biomass, urease, dehydrogenase and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities. Essential oil content, oil yield, thymol and carvacrol contents increased by 0.5-40.1%, 5.9-71.9%, 0.07-16.7% and 0.3-9.2%, respectively, as a result of bacterial inoculation. Oil content ranged from 2.02% to 2.83%; carvacrol (66.1-72.2%) was the main constituent, followed by thymol (14.5-16.9%) and linalool (1.38-3.68%). Two large PGPR groups were formed based on genetic distance analysis. Responses were variable and depended on the inoculant strain and the parameters being evaluated. The results indicate PGPR has clear potential for improving the yield of cultivated aromatic and essential oil plants, such as oregano.
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    Öğe
    Effects of Different Biological Fertilizers Formulated with Multiple Bacteria and Carriers in Pazar 20 Tea Clone on Leaf Enzyme Activity
    (2021) Ertürk, Yaşar; Çakmakçı, Ramazan; Kutlu, Meral
    This study was performed on 2-year-old seedlings of the Pazar-20 tea clone pots in 2014-2015. Twelve different bacterial isolates (Bacillus atrophaeusRC11, Bacillus megateriumRC07, Bacillus megaterium42/4, Bacillus megaterium21/3, Pseudomonas fluorescensRC77, Pseudomonas fluorescens 8/4, Pseudomonas fluorescens8/6, Pseudomonas fluorescens9/7, Bacillus subtilisRC63, Bacillus subtilis 39/3, Bacillus subtilis36/10, Bacillus subtilisRC521), which were isolated from acidic tea soils and characterized and all laboratory tests were performed. With biological fertilizers formed by triple combinations and 7 different carrier formulations (K-tea compost, T-peat, P-perlite, L-leonardite, Z-zeolite, V-vermiculite and S-liquid carrier formulation) on the enzyme activities (peroxidase-POD, Polyphenol oxidase-PPO, Urease, 5-Dehydroxyshikimate reductase, Alchol dehydrogenase-ADH, Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-G6PD, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase-6PGD, Glutathione reductase-GR and Glutathione S-transferase-GST) of tea leaves were determined. All bacterial formulations used in the study positively affected the enzyme activities in the tea leaves at different rates compared to the control. This activity was found to be statistically significant. Additionally, it was determined that the efficiency of the carrier was important in both years (2014-2015) statistically, liquid formula and peat carriers had the highest effect.
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    Öğe
    Evaluation of the Effects of Triple PGPR Isolates and Biological Fertilizer Formulations Formed with Different Carriers on Growth Parameters in Pazar-20 Tea Clone
    (Kırgızistan Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi, 2021) Ertürk, Yaşar; Cakmakcı, Ramazan; Kutlu, Meral; Keles, Hakan
     This study was established with two-years-old tea seedlings in the Pazar-20 tea clone in pots and eight applications as five different biological fertilizers, triple bacteria combinations (F1, F2, F3, F4 and, F5), one biological fertilizer, NPK fertilization (1400 mg compound 25:5:10/seedling) and control (fertilizer and bacteria not applied) applications, seven carriers as one liquid six solid. It was established with four replications and five seedlings in each replication according to the factorial arrangement (8 applications x 7 carriers) with different carriers. For preliminary evaluations, only plant height, stem diameter and, number of leaves were evaluated without cutting the seedlings. In the experiment, at the end of November 2013, and 2014, seedlings were harvested from equal height, branch+leaf weight, fresh and dry leaf yield, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), and leaf area results were evaluated. Depending on the bacterial inoculations, fertilizer applications, and the carriers used, the inoculated bacterial formulations, fertilizer applications, and carriers significantly affected the stem diameter, plant height, leaf number, branch+leaf weight, fresh and dry leaf weight, chlorophyll content of tea seedlings. According to the carrier averages, mineral fertilization, F1, F2, F5, and biological fertilizer applications, which caused a significant increase in stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, and chlorophyll content compared to the control, were in the same group. All the selected combinations increased fresh and dry leaf weight compared to the control, and the increasing rates were statistically significant (p≤0.05). According to the average fertilizer application, the liquid carrier gave the most relevant result in terms of measured parameters, followed by solid leonardite, compost, and peat-based carriers, respectively.